MAMMALS RESOURCES 3 VIDEO CLIPS MARSUPIALS RAT DISSECTION TEXT Chap 808-829

Class Mammalia kangaroo, bat, rodents, whales, monkey, giraffe, man, horse, dog Incredible variety in size 1.5 g bat to 100 ton whale FEATURES young born live after gestation in the female mammary glands (sweat, oil, pheromone glands)

lung breathing throughout life diaphragm separates abdominal and thoracic cavities

body covered with hair

4 chambered heart warm blooded

7 neck vertebrae in most species 2 pairs of limbs for locomotion

care for few young internal fertilization internal development

ORDER MONOTREMATA Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania ie. platypus, echidna most reptile like lay eggs echidna lays egg right into pouch don't control body temperature well cloaca no nipples but have mammary glands

Platypus

echidna (spiny anteater) juvenile called “puggle”

ORDER MARSUPALES Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania ie. koala, kangaroo, opossum, wombat 250 species pouched mammals Show Koala video here

Koala Bear

Tasmanian Devil

Flying Phalangers

Wombat

opossum

Kangaroo

young born very helpless after a short gestation in the female must crawl to the pouch nipples in the pouch Assign reading and text questions (914-919)

Why are they so isolated in Australia? Continents separated 60 million years ago and left Australia with no placentals and only marsupials and monotremes. marsupials were out competed by placentals else where in the world DEFINE convergent evolution adaptive radiation

PLACENTAL MAMMALS (draw the placenta)

14 orders 95% of all mammals placenta- organ in the uterus that connects mothers circulatory system to that of the baby

ORDERS of interest Ungulates -some of the largest mammals Why? Need a large stomach to digest coarse food (like the …….) (cellulose primary component in the diet) many are built for speed long light legs, flexible spine, missing clavicle leg joints lack rotation, basically pendulum movement

CLASSIFICATION (based on feet, teeth and skulls) 2 Types Perrissodactyla- horse, rhino, tapir (odd toed)

the “Ungulates” Perissodactyla

the “Ungulates” Perissodactyla

Formerly the most successful order (How do we measure success?) Number of species, # individuals, land area, number of habitats

Artiodactyla - camel, antelope, hippo, sheep, cow, pig, giraffe (even toed) (currently the most successful)

Order Artiodactyla suborder Suiformes

Order Artiodactyla suborder Suiformes

Digestion Bacteria in the gut aid in digestion, produces enzymes necessary to break down cellulose (chemical digestion) Repeated chewing of regurgitated veg. Matter continues mechanical digestion in some species

Cows have a RUMEN = a chamber off the stomach for bacteria Horse food flows through in 45 hours Cow’s food flows through in 100 hrs

More efficient at extracting nutrients from food may explain this group’s success!!!!

PIGS (an even toed ungulate) Terminology Gilt- Sow- Boar- Barrow- Virgin female Female that has given birth Male Castrated male

Farrow = giving birth Gestation 3 m 3w 3d Female puberty reached in 4-8 months, breed with in 1 year, heat 1-5 days, 2 ½ litters per year

COWS ARE EVIL (notes in honor of Mr. Bangert) -require half the world’s useable land area -methane gas production “green house gas” -poor source of nutrition (high fat, cancer agents, antibiotics) -protein available from other sources -wasteful use of energy and water

ORDER RODENTIA RAT DISSECTION Rats, mice, porcupine, beaver Chisel like front teeth 40% of placental mammals relatively small, adaptive, high reproductive rate, intelligent

MARINE MAMMALS (several orders) Pinnipedea- seals, sea lions, walrus, otters Related to carnivores Predators Blubber Breed on land

Seal (cat face) Can’t move back legs Rear flippers Hunted for skin and meat

sea lion (dog face) walks like a quadrupeds tricks in shows

Walrus Feeds off inverts from bottom Whiskers for feeling Tusks for digging

Sirenia- manatee, dugongs Italian for mermaid- relative of the elephant Highly endangered Only vegetarian Skin, oil, meat (like veal) Front flippers and fluke

Cetaceans- whales, dolphins, porpoises 90 species only 5 fresh water Whales toothed- predators narwhal, killer, dolphin

Whales baleen – filter feeders

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broad flat tails (fluke), front limbs modified into flippers, blow hole in nostril

social animals songs, pod, breaching harem- may have 40 females defense and sex exhausts defending male in 1-2 years bachelor groups

ambergris- indigestible squid beaks in sticky mess, used in perfumes

Humpback whale- feed in the arctic Breed in Hawaii

Gray whale migration- summer in the arctic Ocean feeding on schools of krill Breed in Baja California

EASY 1. The lower chambers of the heart are called 2. Marsupials and Monotremes composes what % of mammals? 3. Atridactyls are even or odd toed? 4. Gland in the region of the neck of a rat: 5. Organ that links baby to material circulatory system. 6. A cloaca would be found in what mammal? 7. Name the sieve like structure in some whales. 8. Marsupials are found mostly where?

1. The lower chambers of the heart are called ventricle EASY 1. The lower chambers of the heart are called ventricle 2. Marsupials and Monotremes composes what 5% of mammals? 3. Atridactyls are even or odd toed? 4. Gland in the region of the neck of a rat: thymus 5. Organ that links baby to material circulatory system. placenta 6. A cloaca would be found in what mammal? Monotremes platypus, echidna 7. Name the sieve like structure in some whales. baleen 8. Marsupials are found mostly where? Australia,New Guinea, New Zealand

2. I’m a pinneped with great legs and a dog like face. MEDIUM 1. Name 5 marsupials. 2. I’m a pinneped with great legs and a dog like face. 3. Name two organs in the thoracic cavity. 4. Another name for vibrissae is 5. If you remove the organs in the abdominal cavity, what organs are along the back body wall? 6. Blood enters the heart from the body in what chamber? 7. What structures enter and exit the stomach?

1. Name 5 marsupials. Koala, Taz. Kangaroo MEDIUM 1. Name 5 marsupials. Koala, Taz. Kangaroo 2. I’m a pinneped with great legs and a dog like face. Sea lion 3. Name two organs in the thoracic cavity. Heart, lungs 4. Another name for vibrissae is whiskers 5. If you remove the organs in the abdominal cavity, what organs are along the back body wall? kidneys 6. Blood enters the heart from the body in what chamber? Right atrium 7. What structures enter and exit the stomach? Esophagus ,intestines

DIFFICULT 1. Explain the distribution of marsupials. 2. Explain embryonic diapause. What is it’s adaptive value? 3. Name the 2 blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the body. 4. Birthing a pig is called ________ and the mom is called a _______ 5. List 3 reasons why “cows are evil”. 6. Describe the first mammal. Kelsie,.............l . z{... ???

DIFFICULT 1. Explain the distribution of marsupials. Australian continent drifts away with no placental mammals to compete with the marsupials. They survive and diversify. 2. Explain embryonic diapause. What is it’s adaptive value? Embryo in uterus will quickly start to develop if joey in pouch dies 3. Name the 2 blood vessels that carry blood to the heart from the body. Anterior and posterior vena cava superior and inferior vc

DIFFICULT 4. Birthing a pig is called __farrow______ and the mom is called a _sow______ 5. List 3 reasons why “cows are evil”. Require much land space to raise Poor source of protein (high fat and cholesterol) High antibiotic use, possible cancers from high red meat diet. 6. Describe the first mammal. Legs out 90 degrees, reptile like,

STUDY GUIDE FOR MAMMALS (a copy will be handed out) 1. Heart anatomy and blood flow 2. Rat anatomy from dissection lab 3. History and behavior of rats from lab 4. Characteristics of mammals 5. Origin and structure of the placenta 6. Diagram the placenta 7. Characterize specific orders. Monotremes, Marsupials, Ungulates, Aquatic Mammals 8. Explain why some people consider “cows to be evil”. 9. Explain distribution of marsupials 10. Explain origin of mammals. 11. Trace the digestive system. 12.Know the function of these systems: circulatory, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, skeletal 13. Notes from text reading