The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Introduction Database management system (DBMS): group of programs that manipulate database and provide interface between database and users Database administrator (DBA): a skilled information systems professional who directs all activities related to organization’s database Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Management: The Hierarchy of Data A bit (a binary digit) represents a circuit that is either on or off A byte is typically 8 bits Character: each byte represents a character, the basic building block of information Field: typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

The Hierarchy of Data (continued) Record: a collection of related data fields File: a collection of related records Database: a collection of integrated and related files Hierarchy of data: formed by bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Entities and Attributes Entity: a generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained Attribute: a characteristic of an entity Data item: the specific value of an attribute Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

The Traditional Approach Versus the Database Approach Traditional approach: separate data files are created and stored for each application program Results in data redundancy: duplication of data in separate files Data redundancy conflicts with data integrity (the degree to which the data in any one file is accurate) Database approach: approach whereby a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs; offers significant advantages over traditional file-based approach Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued) Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Table 5.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Popular Database Management Systems Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsoft’s Access and Corel’s Paradox The complete database management software market includes databases by IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL Many traditional database programs are now available on open-source operating systems Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Applications: Linking the Company Database to the Internet Corporate databases can be accessed by customers, suppliers, and company employees through: The Internet Intranets Extranets Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Table 5.8: Common Data-Mining Applications Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Resource Management Chapter 3

What about this concerning DRM? “I have traveled the length & breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won’t last out the year”. The editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall (1957) Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

What about this concerning DRM? “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data”. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1892) Sherlock Holmes Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Functions 1. Manage data storage AMR parent of Amer Airlines Teamed with IBM-1st airline reservation sys. Saabre Saabre became more valuable that the other assets of the co. including its planes. Spun it off as Saabre Holdings Corp. Has 4 times the stock value of AMR Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Functions 2. Transform data into information 3. Provide security – Who has access. Part of Sarbox. 4. Allow multi-user access 5. Allow programming & Query Lang. ability Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Resource Management Data is a resource Data must be organized (table) Data must be managed (backup & retrieval Add records Delete records Business survival depends on information regarding internal & external environ. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Resource Management What is the external environment? Government: Fed., state, city, county New laws, changes in laws, mandates, compliance World Economics Politics Competitors Demographics Suppliers Technology (hardware, software, etc. Customers Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Resource Management A managerial activity Applies IS technology to managing data resources to meet needs of business stakeholders. IS technology (from above) DBMS Data warehousing Data mining Center for Data Integrity (CDI) Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Foundation Data Concepts (continued) Database Integrated collection of logically related data elements Consolidates records into a common pool of data elements Data is independent of the application program using them and type of storage device Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Foundation Data Concepts (continued) Files (table) A group of related records Records Related fields of data Collection of attributes that describe an entity Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Foundation Data Concepts Levels of data Field Groupings of characters Represents an attribute of some entity Entity Person Place Object event Character Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Logical Data Elements – What are they? Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Logical Data Elements Compare the previous figure with the data that was organized before computers. Is that older system still used? Since data entry bookkeeping? Can you have more than one database in your organization? If so, why would you want this? One database—1 or more tables Separate databases– 1 or more tables Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Logical Data Elements Who will organize the data (database, tables, records, fields, entities) in your organization. 3rd generation language – Very procedural 4th generation language – managers can use it. Who will use the data in your organization? Who will maintain the data in your org.’s database? Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Types of Databases Operational Supports business processes and operations Also called subject-area databases, transaction databases, and production databases Examples HR database Inventory database Customer database E-commerce databases Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Access. Example of operational DB that can be created & managed by small bus. or dept Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Types of Databases (continued) Distributed Replicated and distributed copies or parts of databases on network servers at a variety of sites. Network servers on the WWW. Intranets or extranets Replication -- Webopedia Done to improve database performance and security Performance example? Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Types of Databases (continued) Distributed Databases (continued) Challenge Ensuring all replicated data are consistently and concurrently updated Synchronization Novell = NDS=partitioning Time on servers around the world can be a problem. Data log reports are very helpful Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Types of Databases (continued) External Available for a fee from commercial sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web or your supplier DB’s. Sources are almost endless External can be download into DBMS Remember that DBMS is a decision support tool. Example? Infor. From the DBMS can be downloaded in to a variety of applications for analysis. Excel. Also a decision support tool. Example? Database inform. can be accessed by Excel. Excel information can be accessed by DB. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Warehouses and Data Mining Stores data extracted from operational, external, or other databases of an organization Central source of “structured” data May be subdivided into data marts Subsets of data that focus on specific aspects of the co., e.g., by department or process. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data warehouse Data acquisition This process includes activities Consolidating data from several sources Filtering out unwanted data Correcting incorrect data Converting data to new data types The data is then stored so that it can be moved into the enterprise warehouse Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Warehouse Enterprise warehouse Can then be moved into data marts or To analytical data stores Holds data in a more useful form for certain types of data so that it can be used by OLAP applications. Link to OLAP Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

The Components of a Data Warehouse System Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued) A major use of data warehouse databases Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations, patterns, and trends In vast amounts of data Usually several terabytes of data. 4, 000,000,000,000 bytes Its above gigabytes Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Mining (continued) Data mining software uses: Advanced pattern recognition algorithms Variety of math & statistical techniques To filter through data to extract previously unknown strategic business information. Examples: New or change products New or change services Marketing activities Organizational change/process change Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Management Approach) DBMS serves as an interface between the users and databases. Controls how databases and objects are Created Interrogated Maintained So users can easily access the data in the database Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Management Approach: Example Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Management Approach (continued) Database Management System Software interface between users and databases Controls creation, maintenance, and use of the database Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Management Approach (continued) Database Interrogation 3rd Generation. Programming languages 4th Generation. SQL and then QBE Query Supports ad hoc requests Can save queries Tells the software how you want to organize the data and what data that you want? QBE has a graphical user interface (GUI) Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

SQL & Natural Languages Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Queries A query lets you easily obtain immediate response to an hoc data requests. What is immediate? Can a query be save for future use? If so, give me an example. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Example of Querying 2 Tables Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Management Approach (continued) Report Generator Turns results of a table or query into a useable report Can specify a report format. Examples of report formatting ??? Can these report formats be saved ??? Reports are linked to a table Can a report also be linked to a query ??? If so, why would you want to do this ??? Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Access Report Generator Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Maintenance Database Maintenance What is this? 3 simple things that are imp. Add records Delete records Change the nature of records Why must this occur? Who does it, usually? Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Management Approach (continued) Application Development Function of a DBMS The DBMS has built-in software dev. tools To develop custom application programs Develop data entry screens Forms Reports Who does this? End users Systems analysts Application developers Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Implementing Data Resource Management Why is data resource management needed ??? Link Data Resource Management includes: DBMS Data planning Database Administration Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Resource Management Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Administration Develop and maintain the data dictionary Design and monitor performance of databases Enforce database use and security standards Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) Data Planning Corporate planning and analysis function Developing the overall data architecture Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) Data Administration Standardize collection, storage, and dissemination of data to end users Focused on supporting business processes and strategic business objectives May include developing policy and setting standards Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) Challenges Technologically complex So difficult & expensive What about recruiting tech. people What about the training of users Vast amounts of data to be managed Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and failures Scalability of your systems What about outsourcing? Data requirements are going to grow Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) Benefits Reduces the duplication of data Integrates data so that they can be accessed by multiple programs & users Software is not dependent on the format of the data or type of secondary storage hardware Business professionals can use inquiry and reporting capabilities The security of data are increased. Access to data & modification of data are controlled through the data admin. function Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

The remaining slides are from information from your text for Chapter 5 Section II The remaining slides are from information from your text for Chapter 5 Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Data Structures The relationships among the many individual data elements stored in databases are based on one of several logical data structures or models DBMS packages are designed to use a specific data structure to provide end users with quck & easy acces to information stored in a DB. 5 database structures Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Structures Hierarchical Early mainframe DBMS packages used this Treelike or hierarchical All of the relationships are one-to-many Used for structured, routine types of transaction processing Not very flexible. One-to-many relationships only. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Structures (continued) Network structure More complex Relationships must be specified in advance More flexible Many-to-many relationship More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc requests well Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Structures (continued) Relational structure Data elements stored in simple tables Relationships do not have to be specified when the database is created. Can link data elements from various tables Can create new tables of data relationships using parts of data from several tables. Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models Easier to maintain Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Structures (continued) Multi-Dimensional structure A variation of the relational model Popular for online analytical processing (OLAP) applications Popular database structure for the analytical databases that support OLAP. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Structures (continued) Object-oriented structure Key technology of a new generation of multimedia web-based applications Good for complex, high-volume applications OODB software is finding increasing use in: Managing hypermedia databases on the Web Corporate intranets Corporate extranets Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Object-oriented structures (continued) OODBMS Can easily manage the access and storage of objects (subsets of Web pages) Document images Graphic images Video Audio Can do these more efficiently than relational DBMS Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

However, major relational DBMS vendors have countered by: Adding object-oriented modules to their relational software. IBM’s DB2 Oracles’s object based “cartridges” Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Accessing Databases Key fields (primary key) A field unique to each record so it can be distinguished from all other records in a table Each table in a relational database must contain a primary key. This field uniquely identifies each record in a file and must also be found in other related tables So that you could be provided with information from 2 or more tables by joining the tables and retrieving infor. You want. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Accessing Databases (continued) Sequential access Too slow to handle applications requiring immediate updating or responses Direct access Data Dictionary Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Database Development Planning & Design Process Who can database administrators be in DBMS packages like MS Access or Lotus Approach? Large organizations DBA’s and data design analyst and other database specialists For integrity and security Work with end users and systems analysts Data Planning & Database Design Planning & Design Process Enterprise model Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs) Data modeling Develop logical framework for the physical design Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Case for Chapter 3 Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme 1. What type of data did both companies need to collect? 2. What was this information made up of? Who were the customers of Krispy Kreme? Who were the customers of Sherwin-Wms? 3. Is there a need to collect external data on other than your customers? We will have a project on collecting external information into a decision support system and modeling the information for analyis. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Case for Chapter 3 Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme 4. Why has external data in corporate data warehouses increased so much over the last few years? 5. It is very simple to integrate external data into your databases. ??? True or False 6. Most of the external data that is available for purchase is reliable. ??? True or False 7. How does S-W collect its external data ??? 8. How does KK collect its data ??? Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

Case for Chapter 3 Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme 9. Krispy Kreme used a 3rd party to collect external data. What were some stated advantages ??? 10. What challenges in acquiring and using data from external sources are identified in this case? 11. Do you prefer either of the companys external data gathering approach ??? Why Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition