1. England had no toleration for different religions. 2. Left because of political strife and war. 3. No jobs, limited land, debtors, creditors 4. People who had no money; worked 4-7 years to pay off debt 5. Not considered immigrants because they were forced here.

1. Northern and Western Europe (Germany, France, England, Ireland) 2. Asia (China and Japan) 3. French and Mexican (lands from Manifest Destiny) 4. African slaves

Push-Pull Theory  Things that were pushing people out of Europe and things that were drawing them to America.

1. Overpopulation and land shortages 2. Killing of Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe 3. War draft laws 4. Lack of economic opportunity

1. Peaceful 2. Cheap Land 3. Need for workers 4. Religious freedom, liberty and tradition of democracy 5. Letters from friends and relatives in America

1. Needed workers for factories and mines 2. Settled and formed the west 3. Purchase the products of industry and agriculture 4. Served to increase the nations military power 5. Immigrants who had certain talents that were desired in the US 6. Was tradition of US being a haven for the oppressed.

 Southern & Eastern Europe

1. Settled in Mid-West and Great Plains 2. Built canals, railroads (Irish) 3. Poles & Slavs worked the mines, Germans built chemical industry 4. Increased demand for goods thereby encouraging industrial growth

1. Tenements (ghettos) 2. Vote

1. Ocean 2. Discrimination Assimilation › Leaving your culture behind and assuming the prevailing culture

 Frontier  Expanding  Southern & Eastern  Physically & Mentally  Belief your culture is superior  “Know-Nothing”

 All cultures blend together and mix and the product is a new American culture

 Immigrants leave their culture behind and adapt to the American culture

 Different cultures coexisting, but able to identify with their specific culture

 President could deport anyone seen as a threat; couldn’t write anything negative about the government

 Banned Chinese immigrants for 10 years

 Japan will not allow people to come to U.S. in exchange for U.S. to end discrimination in San Francisco

 AKA  Literacy Act  Were required to read or write English or another foreign language

 After WWI, no more than 2% of the # from that country who were in the U.S. in 1918

 Established 156,000 as # of immigrants who could enter the U.S.

They Came From Many Lands Below is a breakdown by country of the number of immigrants who passed through Ellis Island from January 1892 to June 1897, and from 1901 to Exceptions to those years have been noted in parentheses.

CountryNumber of Immigrants Italy2,502,310 Russia1,893,542 Hungary ( )859,557 Austria ( )768,132 Austria-Hungary ( )648,163 Germany633,148 England551,969 Ireland520,904 Sweden348,036 Greece245,058 Norway226,278 Ottoman Empire212,825 Scotland191,023 The West Indies171,774 Poland ( and )153,444 Portugal120,725 France (including Corsica)109,687 Denmark99,414 Romania ( )79,092 The Netherlands78,602 Spain72,636 Belgium63,141 Czechoslovakia ( )48,140 Bulgaria ( )42,085 Wales27,113 Yugoslavia ( )25,017 Finland ( )7,833 Switzerland1,103

Immigrants came from all over but most of them had one thing in common: they entered into this country through Ellis Island. Ellis Island The following are pictures taken at Ellis Island at various times around the turn of the 20 th Century.

My Great-great Grandparents Sophie & Piortr Grzbowski, seated and standing on the left-hand side.

John Getz & Anna Bialkowski Getz My Grandfather’s mother’s parents on my mother’s side. My Great-great Grandparents.

From left: Rachel, Michael, Mary, Concietta, Matteo, Michael, Ringo & Rose Palma

 Mexico  Philippines, Korea, Cambodia, Vietnam, and India

 Economic opportunity still remains the #1 reason for immigration to the U.S.  Education  Recruited to fill jobs in the U.S. for which specialized skills are required (engineering & medicine fields)  Political & religious asylum

 Discrimination & prejudice  Increased call to tighten immigration laws  Crack down on illegal immigration at U.S./Mexico border

 New ideas and culture  Growing political influence (especially in the South)

Can you guess these famous immigrants and where they are from?