 Come in and take a look at this fairly ordinary picture  New York City (1800)

 What might we infer from these three pictures about how society changed (use what you currently know about the Industrial Revolution)?

 How did societies that experienced the Industrial Revolution change?

 1. Industrialization  2. Immigration  3. Urbanization  4. Social Structure  5. New Beliefs

 Growth of industries that rely on machinery (manufacturing: furniture, clothes, steel, etc…)  People work hrs for wages  England, France, Prussia, United States, and Japan emerge as Industrial countries

 Better life  More freedom  Entertainment  Most important – Jobs/wages

Ellis Island Inspections Angel Island Inspections

 Nativism on the rise (belief that native born people are superior to immigrants) Discrimination  This is fueled by job and housing competition as well as cultural differences  Most immigrants were unskilled and not educated  Most worked in factories for small wages and lived near them (cheaper)

 “Well, I came to America because I heard the streets were paved with gold. When I got here, I found out 3 things: first, the streets weren't paved with gold; second, they weren't paved at all; and third, I was expected to pave them.”  What is he really saying?

 Why move to the city? What does it offer?  Businesses, restaurants, factories, theatres, immigration, railroads  Come because it is the “place to be” – jobs/entertainment/ opportunity  Steel – large buildings, skyscrapers, bridges  Cheap apartments – hold lots of people  Construction of roads, transportation

 Industrialization What exactly is it? Where did it take place?  Immigration Why come to the cities/industrial nations? How was life for them in the cities?  Urbanization What makes a place urban?

Social Structure and Beliefs

 Plutocracy – the wealthy have power and rule society  Realism – showing life as it is  Monopoly – when one company has total control of a product/service  Muckraker – those who expose corruption and social injustice  Strike – to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands

 Social Structure – classes/groups of people defined by their job/salary/education

Nobles, Landowners Small Middle Class Peasants/ Farmers

Upper Class Middle Class Lower Middle Class Working Class and Farmers

 Upper Class – Big Business Owners, land owners  Middle Class – professionals, educated Lawyers, teachers, doctors, factory managers, merchants  Lower Middle Class –had a specific skill Factory overseer, toolmakers, printers  Working Class – unskilled, worked in factories

 Eventually, many in the upper and middle classes move out of the cities and to the suburbs  They can afford the transportation Trains, Electric Trolleys

 Is this change in social structure good or bad?

 Based on private ownership of businesses No GOVERNMENT involvement /restrictions Laissez-Faire – hands-off Let businesses to what they want  Business/Industry will make society better Jobs – money for people

 Survival of the Fittest - let people/business who can succeed rise to the top, forget about the “failures”  The Govt should not get involved (help the poor) b/c it will upset the natural selection  Wealth is the measure of value

 What possible pros and cons do you see in these beliefs?

 Main issue: population growth May run out of space Transportation Water, sewers, schools

 Immigrants/ poor workers need to live near factories (cannot afford transportation)  Live in tenements Cheap, multifamily housing

 Jacob Riis – journalist who exposed the slums and poverty of the cities How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York (1890)