Pros & Cons

What attempts were made in the South to respond to the white reformers and blacks? Hate group, Ku Klux Klan was developed by an ex-confederate General Nathaniel Bedford Forrest Bellringer:

Ruled that while slavery was abolished (13 Th Amendment) but discrimination by individuals was not prohibited by the Constitution 14 th Amendment prohibited discrimination by the government, not by individuals Cons: Civil Rights Cases

Southern States passed laws establishing social segregation. “Jim Cross laws” forbid African Americans from sharing facilities with whites. 3 Minutes WM9nga4http:// WM9nga4 Cons: Jim Crow arrives

Segregation IS legal as long as African Americans have access to “separate but equal” facilities Cons: Plessy V Ferguson

Poll tax-You must pay a tax to vote. Too poor? You can’t afford to pay the tax, therefore you can’t vote. Literacy Tests: Must pass a reading/civics test in order to be able to vote. You can’t read? The questions are specifically designed for Afr. Amer. to get wrong. Grandfather Clauses: If you were eligible to vote during that year, your son and grandsons etc. would also be able to vote. *Most African Americans could not vote during that year because it was prior to the 15 th Amendment. Cons: Disenfranchisement

Bishop Henry Turner, 1894 Created the International Migration Society to help African Americans EMIGRATE to Africa What are potential problems with this response to Jim Crow South? Pros: Turner

Ida B. Wells Devoted to Civil Rights for African Americans Campaign against Jim Crow laws and lynching She believed in free speech and exercised that right as a newspaper columnist. After receiving numerous death threats, she was forced to move North Pros: Wells

Preached a gospel of self-help for black southerners that emphasized economic advancement through vocational education without challenging racial segregation and the disenfranchisement of black voters. Economic advancement was more important to African Americans in the South than civil rights, once they had made a success in the world of work, they could expect ultimately to be respected by whites as fellow citizens. Endorsed segregation by claiming that blacks and whites could exist as separate fingers of a hand. First President of the Tuskegee Institute-an African American vocational school to help train African Americans to be economically skilled and to experience financial freedom Pros: Booker T. Washington

Atlanta Exposition Address (Speech to the Cotton States and International Exposition at Atlanta in 1895) Considered a turning point for B.T. Washington, after this speech, he became known as the leader of the African American people. His speech was generally supported by the African American people "The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house." –Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois was the exception, as he challenged these views in his “The Souls of Black Folk” and referred to the address as the “Atlanta Compromise” because he believed it insufficiently committed to the pursuit of social and political equality for blacks. Rivalry between DuBois and Washington Opposition to Booker T. Washington

The Souls of Black Folk (1903) Urged people to get an dvanced liberal arts education and demand political and social equality. W. E. B. Du Bois took exception to what he saw as Washington's abandonment of the historic obligation of African American leadership to demand fair play and justice for their people. Washington's doctrine “has tended to make the whites, North and South, shift the burden of the Negro problem to the Negro's shoulders and stand aside as critical and rather pessimistic spectators; when in fact the burden belongs to the nation.” Growing opposition to the ideas articulated in the “Atlanta Exposition Address” led to the founding of the NAACP in W.E.B. DuBois Civil Rights Pioneer Pros: W.E.B. DuBois

One of the most contradictory and enigmatic figures in American history, both visionary and manipulative, a brilliant orator and a pompous autocrat. He was a strong advocate of black self-help and unity among people of African descent, yet was willing to collaborate with the Ku Klux Klan. He inspired African Americans to support his economic enterprises with their hard-earned money, yet lost hundreds of thousands of dollars in the mismanagement of those schemes. In August 1914, established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (U.N.I.A.) and African Community's League (A.C.L.). The organization's goals were ambitious - racial unity, economic independence, educational achievement, and moral reform -- but in just two years financial woes forced Garvey to move to the United States. Pros: Marcus Garvey

Summarize and assess the situation for African Americans at the conclusion of Reconstruction and moving forward. SUMMARY: