Optics  Telescope  Johannes Lippershey (Middleburg, 1608)  By accident - no knowledge of optics  Manufactured & sold in London (1609)  Microscope  Inventor unknown  Zacharius Jansen, Galileo (1614)  Surveyors quadrant (1631)  Earliest - Joseph Lusuerg (Rome, 1674)

Crank  Conversion of rotary & reciprocating motions  Cam - Hero of Alexandria  Crank & connecting rod (1430)

Crank & Connecting Rod

Print  Greatest invention of Middle ages  Johannes Gutenberg (Germany, 1440)  Invention of paper reached Germany in about 1320  Cutting of punches from brass, punch copper plate, pour molten iron  Development of inks  First book (Caxton, 1474)  By 1500, 1050 presses in Europe

Screw Press

THE FOURTH AGE Intimations of Automation

 Coinage - first mass production ?  Factory system  Interchangeability of components  A computer too early

Coinage  As early as 600 BC  Coin Blanks (1000)  Sheet of metal, hammered, then cut  Bramante (Florence, 1500)  Utilized screw press  Rolling mills  Boulton (Soho, 1797)  Utilized power from steam engine

Factory System  Began with print shops and mints  Textile industry (late 1700’s)  Flying shuttle (Kay, 1755)  Water frame (Arkwright, 1790)  Spinning Jenny (Hargreave, 1760)  Mule (Crompton, 1788)  Power Loom (Robert, 1825)  Primarily operated by steam

Factory System (continued)  Industrial cities  Coal and oil in addition to steam  No need to locate industry by a river  Britain  Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds, Nottingham, Birmingham  Metal-working industries  Machines create more machines  lathes, boring, milling, shaping, slotting, planing, grinding, & gear-cutting

James Watt’s Micrometer (1772)

Henry Maudslay’s Screw Cutting Lathe (1797)

Interchangeability of Components  Beginning of mass production  Locks  Joseph Bramah (1790)  Required accuracy in production  Barrel of lock fits casing of another  Smooth bore flintlock muskets  Eli Whitney (1798)  Supplied US govt. with 15,000  Required 8 years

A Computer Too Early  Charles Babbage  Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge  Difference Engine(1833)  Special purpose calculating machine  Analytical Engine (>1834)  Universal calculator  Engine ?  Power by steam (no foresight)  Purely mechanical with highly precise gearing and machining

Difference Engine (1833)

THE FIFTH AGE The Expansion of Steam

Pre-Steam  Francesca della Porta (1606)  Suction caused by condensing steam  Ability to draw up water  Otto von Guericke (1654)  Two teams of 8 horses can’t pull apart copper sphere made of two halves  Blaise Pascal (1648)  Weight of column of air is less at elevation  Robert Boyle (1660)  Gas laws

Steam Engine  Hero of Alexandria  Newcomen (1712)  21 inch dia. piston (12 strokes per min)  10 gallons of water 51 yards per stroke  Low efficiency  Watt  Condense steam & create vacuum  Separate condenser (1769)  Double-acting engine (1782)  Rotative Engine (1781)

Newcomen (1712)

Development of Steam  Trevithick (1799)  High pressure steam  Fulton (1807)  Clermont on Hudson river  Sirius crossed Atlantic (1830)  Intercontinental Railway

THE SIXTH AGE The Freedom of Internal Combustion

Chronology  Huygens utilized gunpowder in piston and cylinder  Etienne Lenoir (1859)  Coal gas as fuel with ignition  Nikolaus Otto (1877)  Four-stroke cycle  Gottlieb Daimler (1885)  Petrol as fuel

Benz Tricycle (1855)

Chronology (continued)  Paris-Rouen race (1894)  Rudolf Diesel (1892)  Wright Brothers (1903)  Ford Model “A” (1903)

THE SEVENTH AGE Electrons Controlled

Chronology  Gas Lines (Late 1700s)  Philippe Lebon (1799)  Gas From Heating Wood  Frederick Windsor (1807)  Gas From Coal  Lit Pall Mall in London (1807)  26 mile long main (1816)  Hydraulic Mains  Joseph Bramah  Hydraulic Press (1795)  Hydraulic Mains (1812)

Chronology (continued)  Electricity  William Gilbert (1600)  Alessandro Volta (1800s)  Zinc and Silver discs- Voltaic Pile  First True Battery - Static Source of Power  Michael Faraday (1831)  First Electric Generator  Moved Magnet near a Wire  Wheatstone & Cooke (1845)  Substituted Electromagnets  First Dynamo

Chronology (continued)  Telephone - Bell (1876)  Incandescent Light Bulb (1879)  Thomas Edison - USA  J.W. Swan - England  Electronics  J.A. Fleming - Diode (1904)  ASCC/IBM - First computer ? (1944)  Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator  Mechanical Switching  ENIAC - First Electronic Computer (1946)  Electronic Num. Integrator and Calculator