Chapter 18 A Research Focus on Corrections

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. From Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century Historically, people were not generally punished by confinement to prisons Some systems mandated revenge as punishment Overtime, forms of punishment increased in their cruelty This state-sanctioned brutality did not reduce the crime rate Incarceration gradually evolved as the primary form of punishment

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Punishment in the New World The first settlers of New England brought with them the English means of punishment The American correctional movement began in Pennsylvania, with the “Great Law” in 1682, which provided for the establishment of houses of correction and restricted corporal and capital punishment After the colonies gained their independence, the cause of penal reform was taken up

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Two prison models emerged: The Auburn System and the Pennsylvania System Most states adopted the Auburn system

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. American Prisons Auburn Congregate System Hard Labor in Groups Silence Small Cells Corporal Punishment Pennsylvania Separate System Labored in Cells Silence Larger Cells Started by the Quakers Religious Instruction

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Medical Treatment Model The medical treatment model, characterized by individual and group therapy in American prisons, flourished between World War I and World War II The medical treatment model, characterized by individual and group therapy in American prisons, flourished between World War I and World War II Characterized by individual and group therapy. Characterized by individual and group therapy. Unfortunately, while offenders underwent treatment, the conditions of confinement changed very little, if at all. Unfortunately, while offenders underwent treatment, the conditions of confinement changed very little, if at all.

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. History of Corrections Reformatory Movement Reformers embraced the ideas of treatment, moral regeneration, and reformation Reformers embraced the ideas of treatment, moral regeneration, and reformation Many reformatories were built, particularly for younger offenders, but fell out of favor when it was determined that they did not reform Many reformatories were built, particularly for younger offenders, but fell out of favor when it was determined that they did not reform

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prisoner’s Rights Model During the rapid social change of the 1960s, prisoners like other mistreated groups, demanded their rights During the rapid social change of the 1960s, prisoners like other mistreated groups, demanded their rights In September of 1971, a riot broke out at Attica State Prison in New York In September of 1971, a riot broke out at Attica State Prison in New York After closer examination, it was revealed that the prisoners revolted because many of the fundamental rights guaranteed to them under the Constitution had been denied or violated After closer examination, it was revealed that the prisoners revolted because many of the fundamental rights guaranteed to them under the Constitution had been denied or violated

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Corrections Today The nature of corrections was changed by two factors: 1.The prisoners’ rights movement 2.The rebirth of the retributive philosophy of punishment, in the form of the just-deserts model. 3.This led to corrections becoming more punitive and custodial, harsher conditions of imprisonment, and the abandonment of rehabilitation programs

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Incarceration There are two categories of prison facilities: 1. Detention facilities: tend to house persons arrested and undergoing processing, awaiting trial, or awaiting transfer to a correctional facility after conviction 2. Correctional facilities: include county jails, where incarcerated people serve a year or less, and state and federal prisons, where the inmates serve sentences longer than one year

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Jails Jails are designed to hold people accused of committing crimes and awaiting trial. They are also designed to hold people who have been convicted and received a sentence of less than one year. There are 3,304 jails in the U.S. They hold anywhere from one to 17,000 prisoners.

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prisons Maximum security prisons are designed to hold the most dangerous and aggressive inmates. Medium security prisons house inmates who are considered less dangerous than those in maximum security facilities. Minimum security prisons hold inmates who are considered the lowest security risk.

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Supermax Prison

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prison Population 1,410,404 inmates residing in state and federal prisons. The highest number in our history. 713,990 persons in local jails. 1,391,781 male prisoners; 104,848 female prisoners. Black prisoners: 589,400; White prisoners: 491,800. (2004)

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Most prisoners are male Relative to the number of U.S. residents, blacks were five and a half times more likely than whites, and two and a half times more likely than Hispanics, and nice times more likely than persons of other races to have been held in a local jail on June 30, If the number of individuals supervised in community corrections is included in the count, the number of people under correctional supervision is near six million.

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. U.S. Prison Incarceration Rates,

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. World Incarceration Rates per 100,000 US: 714 Russia: 532 Belarus: 532 Kazakhstan: 386 Bahamas: 410 Belize: 420 South Africa: United Kingdom: 142 Canada: 116 Australia: 117 France: 91 Italy: 98 Sweden: 75 Japan: 58

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Overcrowding Some argue that incarceration rates have increased because punitiveness increased, which prompted legislatures to implement mandatory sentencing schemes and increase the severity of sentences. Others argue that the prison population has escalated because the most crime-prone population, eighteen- to twenty-five-year-old males, has increased rapidly since the 1960s. This alternative explanation is flawed due to the fact that the prison population increase is greater than the increase in the prison-prone population group.

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prisonization Donald Clemmer The process by which the inmate learns, through socialization, the rules and regulation of the penal institution, as well as the informal values, rules, and customs of the penitentiary culture. “The taking on in greater or less degree of the folkways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary.”

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Pains of Imprisonment Gresham Sykes Gresham argues that prisoners go through the following pains of imprisonment. 1.Deprivation of liberty 2.Deprivation of goods and services 3.Deprivation of heterosexual relations 4.Deprivation of autonomy 5.Deprivation of security To survive, prisoners need to adopt the inmate code.

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Inmate Code Don’t interfere with inmate interests Don’t trust the guards Don’t weaken, be a man Do your own time

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Elderly Inmates 70,000 inmates over the age of 55 Continuing to increase Experience family conflict, depression, suicidal thoughts, and the fear of dying while in prison

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. AIDS 24,881 prisoners with AIDS In 1996: 907 state and federal inmates died of AIDS Since 1981 AIDS has been the second most common cause of death among prisoners

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Community Corrections ProbationParole Home Confinement Shock Programs Restitution Programs Day Fines and Community Service

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Probation The concept of probation was born through the actions of John Augustus in the late 1700s and early 1800s Probation is the release of a prison-bound offender into the community under the supervision of a trustworthy person and bound by certain conditions, such as not to violate the law, not to leave the jurisdiction, and to maintain employment. The purpose of probation has always been to integrate offenders, under supervision, into law-abiding society

Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parole Parole is the supervised release of a prisoner before expiration of the prison sentence. Parole success rates have never been great Parole is also criticized for a variety of other reasons: a. Parole is supposed to be a reward for rehabilitation in prison, but prisons do not promote rehabilitation. b. The system lacks valid criteria that parole boards can use to decide whether to release a prisoner. c. It is subject to political manipulation and lobbying.