Ch 20 PPT Girding for War: The North and the South

TMWK CH Pg 437 Which 7 states seceded first? 2. Pg 437 Which states are considered “border states?” Are “border states” similar to Northern or Southern states? 3. Pg 439 Discuss the “new machine of destruction” which made the Civil War the first mechanized war.

S. Carolina attacks Fort Sumter South seized US arsenals, mints, public property. Lincoln sent word: provisions would be sent to Fort Sumter. April 12, 1861 – South fired cannons on Fort Sumter. 34 hrs = Fort Sumter surrendered to South. Lincoln calls states to send militiamen and set up blockade of Southern sea ports. Richmond, VA: the capital for the Confederacy.

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter  Photo of Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor

Beginning of Civil War South attacked the union naval force that were sent. April 12,1861 Fort Sumter surrendered. April 15, 1861 Lincoln called for 75,000 men for war. April 19 and 27 - Lincoln made blockade of Southern seaports. Apr – June 1861: Virginia, Arkansas, N. Carolina, and Tennessee joined the 7 southern states becoming eleven. ***If North fired the 1st shot, then Border States would have seceded and South may have won the war.

Border Slave States Crucial Border States stayed with Union: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, W. Virginia – these had slaves At onset of war, Lincoln declared: he wasn’t fighting to free Blacks, but to save the Union. Maryland: Lincoln declared martial law - sent in Union troops to W. Virginia and Missouri. “Indian Territory” – Most of the 5 Civilized tribes (some owned slaves) sided with Confederacy. Confederate Govt agreed to take over federal payments to the tribes and allowed delegates to the Confederate Congress. Tribes supplied troops to the Confederate Army. “Mountain Whites” of South: Sided with Union -sent 50,000 men to North and loyal slave states sent 300,000 soldiers.

Southern Advantages Could fight defensively, Didn’t have to “win”, but fight to a draw; fighting on their own soil, for preservation of their way of life gave higher morale Had most talented officers: Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson Southerners used to managing horses and bearing arms so made better cavalrymen and soldiers.  Southern Disadvantages: Lack of war supplies due to scarcity of factories, weak economy, less manpower

TMWK 4. Pg 442 Which 2 areas had the largest number of manufacturing sites? And which area had the least? 5. Pg 442 Which 2 areas had the highest average number of laborers? 6. Pg. 443 In 1860, which country had the highest number of immigrants to the U.S.? In 1866?

Northern Advantages Had 3/4 of nation’s wealth and many factories Had 3/4 of the miles of railroads Controlled the sea: set blockades with their superior navy, able to get supplies from Europe Greater manpower (immigrants) Border States on their side  Northern Disadvantages: Less prepared for military life, incompetent officers

Robert E. Lee Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson The Southern Generals

Ulysses S. Grant Northern General

Dethroning King Cotton Large exports of cotton had piled up in British warehouses before war ( ) Union armies captured or bought cotton and shipped it to Britain. Other countries: Egypt and India shipped cotton to Britain North had good crops of grain: Britain needed grain so didn’t want to break from North. Southern economy hurt by blockade Income dropped Transportation collapsed

TMWK 7. Pg 444 Is the political cartoon for or against something? Explain 8. Pg 448 What occurred in New York in 1863? 9. Chart Pg 448 In January 1865, who had more soldiers – the North or the South? From July 1861 through Jan 1865, did the South ever have more soldiers than the North?

Foreign Diplomacy During War 1861 Trent Affair: Union warship north of Cuba stopped British mail steamer, the Trent – removed 2 Confederate diplomats going to Europe. Lincoln released them reluctantly, but wisely. Britain built Confederate commerce-raiders i.e. the Alabama left Britain unarmed and picked up weapons in the Azores. Alabama flew the Confederate flag and had Confederate officers, but was manned by Britons. This “British pirate” ship captured over 60 vessels. (A Union cruiser destroyed the Alabama.) Overall: Confederate commerce-destroyers (mostly British built) captured more than 250 Yankee ships, crippling the American merchant marine.

Other Foreign Flare-Ups Laird rams – 2 Confederate warships built in Britain. Designed to destroy wooden ships of the Union navy - they had iron rams and large-caliber guns. North warned the British that “this is war” so British decided to buy the ships for the British Navy. 1872: British paid Americans $15.5 million for damages caused by the wartime commerce-raiders.

Pres. Davis vs. Pres. Lincoln Davis: desired strong central govt, but others in South were for States’ rights. He defied rather than lead public opinion. Lincoln: genius for interpreting and leading public opinion Exercised arbitrary power

Lincoln’s Arbitrary Powers Congress not in session when war started, so Lincoln made certain decisions: 1. Set blockade of southern seaports, increased the Federal army, directed Secretary of Treasury to advance $2 million for military purposes, suspended the privilege of writ of habeas corpus. 2. North also set up “supervised voting” in Border states with armed troops present. 3. Certain newspapers were suspended; editors were arrested for obstructing the war.

Writ of Habeas Corpus (don’t write) Prisoners seek release by filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. A writ of habeas corpus is a judicial mandate to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that person is imprisoned lawfully and whether or not he should be released from custody. A habeas corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or another's detention or imprisonment. The petition must show that the court ordering the detention or imprisonment made a legal or factual error. Habeas corpus petitions are usually filed by persons serving prison sentences.

Volunteers and Draftees: North and South 1st Northern armies took volunteers, each state assigned a quota based on population. 1863: Congress passed 1st federal conscription law.

Paying for War in the North (80% inflation) Excise tax on tobacco and alcohol increased by Congress Income tax implemented for 1st time brought in millions of $$. Morrill Tariff Act passed: increased duties 5% to 10%. Issue of greenbacked paper money by Treasury Dept. – value fluctuated and decreased due to inflation. Borrowing money through sale of bonds thru private banking house of Jay Cooke and Co. 1863: Congress authorized National Banking System through National Banking Act. Banks that joined could buy govt bonds and issue paper money backed by them. Significant step toward a unified banking network.

Paying for War in the South (9,000% inflation) Loss of customs revenue due to Union blockade. $400 million in Confederate bonds sold at home and abroad. Increased taxes and imposed a 10% levy on farm produce. Printed Blue-backed paper money in great quantities – resulted in runaway inflation of 9,000%

North’s Economic Boom North had wartime prosperity. New factories sprang up – business owners benefited from the “fortunes of war.” For 1st time – millionaire class arose. Some through dishonesty, greed, making of poor quality products. New inventions helped economic expansion: sewing machine, mechanical reapers – helped grow surplus of grain. Petroleum discovered in Pennsylvania – birth of new industry: oil refining Opened new opportunities = jobs for women.

10. What are the major causes of the Civil War? Give details