CHAPTER 21 Progressivism at High Tide “... making the world safe for democracy.” President Woodrow Wilson

Colonial Possessions, 1900

United States Presence in Latin America,

Panama Canal Zone, 1914

Europe on the eve of World War I ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

“We must love one another or die.” Poet W. H. Auden [September 1, 1939] "And in the general hardening of outlook that set in... practices which had been long abandoned - imprisonment without trial, the use of war prisoners as slaves, public executions, torture to extract confessions... and the deportation of whole populations - not only became common again, but were tolerated and even defended by people who considered themselves enlightened and progressive." George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four [Also author of Animal Farm] "Never do anything against conscience even if the state demands it." Albert Einstein "It is the responsibility of intellectuals to speak the truth to justice and to expose lies." Noam Chomsky "... refuse to settle for simple explanations for complex problems.... Honest history answers our questions only by asking something of us in return." Text author Edward L. Ayers

Bibliography David Kennedy, Over Here [1980] Walter LaFeber, The American Age [1989] Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: War, Revolution, and Peace [1979] and Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era [1954] William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Foreign Policy [1988] Movie: Reds [about John Reed]

Chapter Review Distinguish between the progressive programs of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson. [Worth 104% – no assistance from professor] Explain three progressive programs that gained prominence between 1910 and Briefly describe the provisions of Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom. Describe major social and cultural changes that occurred during the Wilson presidency. Briefly describe the Wilsonian approach to foreign affairs.

Concepts Woman Suffrage Theodore Roosevelt’s 1912 “New Nationalism” National government as “seward of the public welfare” Henry Ford’s $5 a day wage Prohibition Dollar Diplomacy Jack Johnson, st African-American heavyweight champ Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1912 IWW “bread and roses” Lawrence, MA strike , Boy Scouts of America [Lord Baden-Powell] Louis D. Brandeis th Amendment, 17 th Amendment Federal Reserve System, monetary v. fiscal policy

Vaudeville stage Motion pictures 1911, Porfiro Diaz replaced by Francisco Madero Madero replaced by General Victoriano Huerta Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata 1914, Franz Ferdinand Triple Alliance Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary

I. Taft’s Presidency Taft takes passive role as president Payne-Aldrich Tariff illustrates continuing problems Taft fights some Roosevelt conservation policies Roosevelt returns from safari angry and ready to intervene

II. Progressive Victories Alice Paul and followers push for woman suffrage amendment Supporters of prohibition want amendment also Opposition grows to immigration from southern and eastern Europe Child labor reform dominates concerns over children

III. Labor Protest in a Changing Workplace Larger corporations and factories distance workers from management Some corporations try paternalism as way to fight unionism Serious strikes affect country Taft’s “dollar diplomacy” in Latin America and Far East achieve mixed results

Industrial America,

IV. Republican Discord and Democratic Opportunity Roosevelt loses nomination to Taft Woodrow Wilson receives Democratic nod Wilson campaigns on “New Freedom” and wins, with help of split Republican party, pushing Congress to make needed changes Progressive party draws more interest than Socialist party

Election of 1912 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

V.Wilson’s Presidency Legislation establishes Federal Reserve System to regulate America’s money supply Federal Trade Commission established to regulate trusts Social reform is not one of Wilson’s priorities

VI.Social and Cultural Change During the Wilson Years Cultural changes accelerate, with Henry Ford’s mass production and generous wages holding down unionism Electricity becomes more widespread, changing patterns of life Art and literature mirror social ferment Americans make use of new leisure time

VII. New Freedom Diplomacy Lacking international experience, Wilson works hard to improve relations around world Mexican Revolution provides tense moments, but Wilson diffuses situation Post-revolution immigration from Mexico changes face of Southwest

VIII. World War I Serb assassination of Austria-Hungary’s archduke takes Europe into war Americans caught off guard by European events