APA Without Agony Intext Citations

Overview  Basic Principles Follow author-date system Follow author-date system Credit words and ideas from other authors Credit words and ideas from other authors Give information on how to locate the source Give information on how to locate the source  What about…

How does it work?  Used in social sciences to Acknowledge sources of information Acknowledge sources of information Allow readers to locate original sources Allow readers to locate original sources intext citationreference entry  Based on publication criteria for American Psychological Association (APA) Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self- esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database. Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. Author-date system

How does it work? Within a paper

How does it work? Within the field FERRARI Choi TiceBaumeister COAUTHORS Steel CITED BY OPPOSITION Perry Psychology Philosophy

How does it work?

 Citations give credit to words or ideas taken from other authors. IDEAS Tice and Baumeister (1997) reject the idea that procrastination can be a productive strategy. WORDS “Procrastination is not a neutral or innocuous form of time management, let alone a helpful or beneficial one (as some people claim)” (Tice & Baumeister, 1997, p. 456).

Where do I fit in?  Procrastination can be a productive strategy for adapting to rapidly changing priorities (Chu & Choi, 2005). Consider this real-life example. The first guidelines given to freelance writers are often amended two or three times as a project begins. Experienced writers learn to write one lesson and wait for feedback. The key to productive procrastination, according to Chu and Choi, is to use delay as a proactive strategy.

How does it work?  Two elements  Intext citations credit words and ideas (Chapter 6)  Reference list locates original source (Chapter 7) intext citationreference entry Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self- esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database. Author-date system Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. Author-date system

What are APA’s principles? Author-date system Acknowledge any words or ideas from other sources. Acknowledge any words or ideas from other sources. Provide enough information to locate your sources. Provide enough information to locate your sources.

Principle 1: Credit ideas Using APA style correctly increases a writer’s credibility (Boan, Doyle, & Shahbahrami, 2009). References References Boan, R., Doyle, C., & Shahbahrami, P. (2009). American Psychological Association (APA) guide for Allied Health Sciences. Retrieved from healthsciences/ Resources.html parenthetical; no quotation marks reference entry

P rinciple 1: Credit exact words “If the reference is not correct or the article cannot be found, the credibility of the document becomes questionable” (Boan, Doyle, & Shahbahrami, 2009). References References Boan, R., Doyle, C., & Shahbahrami, P. (2009). APA format guide for Health Sciences. Retrieved from healthsciences/ Resources.html word-for-word; quotation marks reference entry

Principle 1: Credit twice Correct use of APA style makes a writer more credible (Boan, Doyle, & Shahbahrami, 2009). References References Boan, R., Doyle, C., & Shahbahrami, P. (2009). APA format guide for Health Sciences. Retrieved from healthsciences/ Resources.html Reference list entries point to the original. Parenthetical citations point to the reference list.

AMBROSE Did Ambrose give credit? "Up, up, up…” "Up, up, up….” CHILDERS

Principle 1: Plagiarism check  "Up, up, up he went, until he got above the clouds. No amount of practice could have prepared the pilot and crew for what they encountered—B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds over here, over there, everywhere." —Stephen Ambrose, The Wild Blue, p. 164 —Stephen Ambrose, The Wild Blue, p. 164  "Up, up, up, groping through the clouds for what seemed like an eternity.... No amount of practice could have prepared them for what they encountered. B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds all over the sky." —Thomas Childers, Wings of Morning, p. 83

Principle 1: Credit carefully "No amount of practice could have prepared [the pilot and crew] for what they encountered. B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds" (Childers, 1995, p. 83) over here, over there, everywhere. References References Childers, T. (1995). Wings of morning. New York: Perseus. parentheticalreference entry …In each case, I footnoted the passage in question, but failed to put some words and sentences into quotation marks. I am sorry and will make relevant changes in all future editions.”—Stephen Ambrose Ambrose’s apology

Principle 2: Locate the source Like Hansel and Gretel, follow the breadcrumb trail

Intext Citation Format Print quotations: (Author, year, page number). Researcher- focused Chronology- focused Idea-focused Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140). In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, he proposed solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership. The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).

Intext Citation Format Paraphrased or no page #: (Author, year). Researcher- focused Chronology- focused Idea-focused Mann (2005) Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination. 2005, Mann In 2005, Mann developed a unique method for overcoming procrastination, which he calls the (10+2)*5 method. (Mann, 2005). The (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination has three steps: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour (Mann, 2005).

Intext Citation Format Quotations from Internet: (Author last name, Year, section header, paragraph #) EXAMPLE Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour. His advice seems counterintuitive: “Breaks cannot be missed. Period. Go surf the web. Now. Seriously. GO!” (Important squirrely rules section, para. 3).

Intext Citations in ¶  Acknowledge words with quotation marks and intext citation.  Acknowledge ideas with intext citation only. What is procrastination? Steel (2008) has described procrastination as trading “short- term gain for long-term pain.” Ferrari (2000) classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. In his view, most people occasionally put things off, but some are chronic procrastinators whose delays disrupt their lives: “Remember, 80% of us procrastinate, but 20% are procrastinators” (2005). Both Steel (2008) and Ferrari (2000, 2005) emphasized the negative. However, Chu and Choi (2005) found strategic delay could  Insert date the first time an author’s name is mentioned in a paragraph.  Intext citations apply to one paragraph.  Place any remaining information at the end of material from a source.

Nonretrievable Info Retrievable books magazines web articles newsgroup postings videos Nonretrievable Include in reference list letters s in-person interviews Cite only in text (S. Oh, personal communication, August 27, 2007) phone calls

What’s the error? Gesundheit, A. (2009, August 28). Interview with Kaplan librarian. Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate. Retrieved from INTEXT CITATION ONLY (A. Gesundheit, personal communication, August 28, 2009).

Details, details Principle 1 Principle 1 What to quoteWhat to quote Block quotationsBlock quotations Placing parenthetical citationsPlacing parenthetical citations No page numberNo page number Principle 2 Principle 2 No authorNo author Many authorsMany authors Quoted quotationQuoted quotation No dateNo date Many sourcesMany sources

What to Quote  Exceptions  common language  writ of habeas corpus  situational leadership theory Raymond Chandler declared that readers should feel that the solution of a mystery is “inevitable.” At least half the mystery novels published violate the law that the solution, once revealed, must seem to be inevitable. —Raymond Chandler  common knowledge  widely known  easily available in standard references  Any words from the original should be quoted.

Quotations < 40 words  Set off someone else’s exact words with quotation marks   Raymond Chandler (1945) believed that a detective should be “ the best man in his world. ”   “ Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid ” (Chandler, 1945).

Quotations 40+ words  Set off long quotations as block quotations Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid. The detective in this kind of story must be such a man. He is the hero, he is everything…. He must be, to use a rather weathered phrase, a man of honor…. (Chandler, 1945) The classic definition of a detective comes from “The Simple Art of Murder”:  Use a new line and left indent instead of quotation marks  Preview block quotes.5" Hint: Word will count words if you highlight them and choose Tools, Word Count.

Remember Intext Citations Basic format: (Author, year, page or section head). Researcher- focused Chronology- focused Idea-focused Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140). In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, he proposed solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership. The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).

No Page # / Header?  If author/date are given in text, that information is not repeated within parentheses at the end. According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has been replaced by an “argument culture” in which people reflexively attack others’ positions.  Use only stable page numbers.  Use section headers for Internet sources that have them (Steel, n.d., My Definition, para. 1). no page number / header? book print version PDF Stable page numbers

Source Reflective Statement  Add comment to show where source material ends and your thoughts begin. According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has been replaced by an “argument culture” in which people reflexively attack others’ positions. Some readers might assume that Tannen believes that everyone should just try to get along, but her position is not so simplistic. Tannen argues that… source-reflective statement

Quotation Sandwich  Top slice of bread: introduction  Filling: material from source  Bottom slice: relationship to topic Ferrari (2005) has studied procrastination in college students. He has identified three types of procrastinators: arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. Each type puts things off for a different reason. Knowing what triggers procrastination is the first step in overcoming the habit. Ferrari (2005) has studied procrastination in college students. He has identified three types of procrastinators: arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. Each type puts things off for a different reason. Knowing what triggers procrastination is the first step in overcoming the habit.

What about… no author?  Start with key words from title  Use only as much as necessary  Follow standard formatting (“Personality,” 2008). (“Personality,” 2008). (Types of Procrastinators, 2005). (Types of Procrastinators, 2005). (“Procrastination,” 2008a) (“Procrastination,” 2008a) (“Procrastination,” 2008b) (“Procrastination,” 2008b)

What about…many authors?  Consult the Publication Manual, Table 6.1

What about…quoted quote?  Ideally, find the original  Second-best: use as cited in to direct readers to reference list entry INDIRECT QUOTATION Procrastinators trade “short term gain for long term pain” according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008). REFERENCE ENTRY Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a mathematical equation for why people procrastinate. The Telegraph. Retrieved from

What about…no date?  Use n.d. Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as “to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay.” INTEXT Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as “to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay.” Steel, P. (n.d.). Definition. Retrieved August 28, 2009, from Procrastination Central Web site: REFERENCE LIST Steel, P. (n.d.). Definition. Retrieved August 28, 2009, from Procrastination Central Web site:

What about…many sources?  Separate with semicolon  Alphabetize within citation to match order of reference list MULTIPLE CITATION Most researchers emphasize the negative consequences of procrastination (Ferarri, 2005; Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).

Citation Machine Citation Machine ( Dig before leaving a blank. None are perfect. Disclaimer

Resources

Resources or google Hacker APA query

Resources

Strategies for APA  Find a model Find a model Find a model  Use a checklist Use a checklist Use a checklist  Take a tutorial Take a tutorial Take a tutorial  Let the computer do it Let the computer do it Let the computer do it word-crafter.net/APA  Visit apastyle.org apastyle.org  Consult APA Manual  Read FAQs Read FAQs Read FAQs