Biology AHSGE Standard X- Kingdom Plantae

Eligible Content CONTENT STANDARD 10. Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms, and vascular and nonvascular plants. ELIGIBLE CONTENT A. Demonstrate knowledge of structures and reproduction, identify the differences in venation patterns, and demonstrate knowledge about the significance of the number of cotyledons. B. Distinguish between monocots and dicots. C. Distinguish between angiosperms and gymnosperms. D. Distinguish between vascular and nonvascular plants.

Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic/producers- Make their own food Chlorophyll- green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells Photosynthesis- Light energy to chemical energy Need Carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen Glucose: sugar, starch, and carbohydrates

Vascular vs. Nonvascular Nonvascular (Bryophyta)- Plants containing no vascular tissues; no roots Require water for reproduction and nutrient transport Live in moist, shady environments Three types: 1. Mosses 2. Liverworts 3. Hornworts Vascular- Plants containing vascular tissues (conducting/transportin g tissues); have roots Two tissues together in a vascular bundle: 1. Xylem- transports water from roots throughout the plant 2. Phloem- transports food from leaves throughout the plant; mostly to roots for storage

Nonvascular Plants- Bryophyta Hornwort Liverwort

Two Types of Vascular Plants Spore-bearing Reproduce by spores Horsetails Clubmosses Whisk ferns Pterophyta- ferns Alternation of Generations Gametophyte (n) Sporophyte (2n) Frond- leaf of a fern Spores are found on the back Seed-bearing

Vascular Plants Fern Spores on back of frond

Two-types of Seed-bearing Plants Gymnosperm Naked seeds (not protected) Winged seeds Wind pollinated Conifers- produce cones Female cones are larger; contain ovules Male cones are smaller; contain pollen Needle-like leaves Evergreen- stay green all year; leaves are continually replaced Examples: Pine, Fir, Cedar, Redwood, Spruce Angiosperm Protected seeds in fruit Produce flowers Colorful to attract pollinators Broad-shaped leaves Deciduous- Lose all leaves once a year; remain dormant in the winter Examples: Maple, Oak, Apple, Pear, Tomato, Pecan, Rose

Gymnosperms Female cones Male cones

Vascular Plants- Gymnosperms Pine Trees Spruce Trees

Two Types of Angiosperms Monocots Herbaceous- Low growing; soft green stem One cotyledon (seed leaf)- Food for embryo inside a seed Leaves with parallel veination Scattered/random vascular bundles Fibrous/Adventitious root system Dicots Woody- Heightened; tough, wooden stem Two cotyledons Leaves with net-like veination Vascular bundles in rings Tap-root/Primary and adventitious root system

Vascular Plants- Angiosperms Crab Apple Tree Oak tree Sweet Gum

Veination MonocotDicot

Vascular Bundles

Root Systems

Roots Root cap- Thick wall of dead cells at the tip of a root; protects it as it grows Root hairs- Increase surface area for more water absorption

Plant Growth Meristem- Areas of cells which divide allowing for primary growth of a plant

Plant Growth Cambium- Area of cells between the xylem and phloem which divide allowing for secondary growth of a plant

Outer Plant Parts Epidermis- Skin covering of a plant Cuticle- Waxy substance covering a leaf Stomata- Openings on the underside of a leaf where gases are exchanged and transpiration takes place Guard cells- Open and close stomata

Leaf Parts

Flower Parts Pistil- Female reproductive organ Stigma- Sticky top for attachment of pollen Style- Elongated portion leading from the stigma to the ovary Pollen tube- tube leading from the stigma down the style to the ovary Ovary- Contains ovules (eggs) Stamen- Male reproductive organ Anther- Pollen-producing structure at tip of filament Filament- stalk-like structure which holds the anther up

Flower Parts (Monoecious)