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Of the Elements most common to living things the chemistry of Carbon allows the formation of the greatest variety of molecules. These are organic molecules.

Most Common Elements 1. CHNOPS 2. 95% of your body 3. Organic molecules --- C and H determine structure and function of living things.

Inorganic vs. Organic Inorganic Organic +/- Ions (Na+) Carbon Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Small number of atoms May be quite large Non-living Living NaCl, CO2, H2O Glucose, DNA

Simple Organic Molecules 1. Carbon has four electrons in outer shell; bonds with up to four other atoms (usually H, O, N, or another C).

Simple Organic Molecules 2. Ability of carbon to bond to itself makes possible carbon chains and rings; these structures serve as the backbones of organic molecules.

Simple Organic Molecules 3. Isomers are molecules with identical molecular formulas but differ in arrangement of their atoms (glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone)

Isomers

Functional Groups 4. Functional groups are clusters of atoms with characteristic structure and functions. a. Polar molecules (+/-) are attracted to water molecules and are hydrophilic. b. Nonpolar molecules are repelled by water and do not dissolve in water; are hydrophobic.

Review Basic architectural principles of organic chemistry: Living matter consists mainly of C, O, H, N, S and P These elements share the characteristic of forming strong covalent bonds. Of these C is the virtuoso of the covalent bonds. C can form 4 covalent bonds, link together into intricate muscular skeletons and join with several other elements.

The versatility of C makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules Each with special properties that emerge from the unique arrangement of it’s C skeleton and the functional group appended to that skeleton. Now we can move on to the large and complex molecules made by living cells: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acid

Macromolecule are Polymers 1. Small organic molecules can serve as monomers, the subunits of polymers (long molecule consisting of chains of building blocks linked by covalent bond). 2. Each small organic monomer can be a unit of a large organic polymer called a macromolecule.

Polymers are long chains of simple molecules called monomers.

Large Organic Molecules Have Monomers Four classes of macromolecules Carbohydrates – polysaccharides (sugar and their polymers) Lipids – triglycerides Proteins – polypeptides Nucleic acids - polynucleotides

Polymers are routinely built up in the cells by the removal of water (H2O). Condensation Polymers broken down in cells by the addition of water. Hydrolysis

Types of Organic Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Monosaccharides Disaccharides Single Sugar Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides joined by condensation Polysaccharides Polymers of sugar

Monosaccharides Simple sugars with a carbon backbone of three to seven carbon atoms. Best known sugars have six carbons 1) Glucose is commonly found in blood of animals. 2) Fructose is commonly found in fruit. 3) Shape of molecules is very important in determining how they interact with one another

Monosaccharides Ribose and deoxyribose are five-carbon sugars (pentoses); contribute to the backbones of RNA and DNA, respectively.

Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides joined by condensation. a. Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose and is transported within plants. b. Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose and is found in milk. c. Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion.

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are chains of glucose molecules. a. Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches usually found in plants. b. Glycogen is highly branched polymer of glucose with many side branches; called "animal starch," it is storage carbohydrate of animals. c. Cellulose is glucose bonded to form microfibrils; primary constituent of plant cell walls. d. Chitin is polymer of glucose with amino acid attached to each; it is primary constituent of crabs and related animals like lobsters and insects.

Plants store starch (stored energy). Nutrients for the cells

Animals store glycogen in the liver and muscle cells for energy (sugar).

Lipids (waxes, fats, phospholipids and steroids) Organic Molecules that are generally insoluble in water because they lack polar groups.

Fats and Oils Are Lipids 1. Fats are composed of fatty acids, these are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl (acid) group at one end. a. Because the carboxyl group is a polar group, fatty acids are insoluble in water. b. Most fatty acids in cells contain 16 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule.

Fats and Oils Are Lipids c. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between their carbon atoms. d. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in the carbon chain. e. Saturated animal fats are associated with circulatory disorders; plant oils can be substituted for animal fats in the diet.

Fats and Oils 2. Glycerol is a water-soluble compound with three hydroxyl groups. 3. Triglycerides are glycerol joined to three fatty acids by condensation. 4. Fats are triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids (e.g., butter is solid at room temperature). 5. Oils are triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., corn oil is liquid at room temperature).

Waxes Are Nonpolar Also 1. Waxes are a long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol. a. Solid at room temperature; have a high melting point; are waterproof and resist degradation. b. Form protective covering that retards water loss in plants; maintain animal skin and fur.

Phospholipids 1. Phospholipids are like neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group or a group with both phosphate and nitrogen. 2. Phosphate group is the polar head; hydrocarbon chains become nonpolar tails. 3. Phospholipids arrange themselves in a double layer in water, so the polar heads face outward toward water molecules and nonpolar tails face toward each other away from water molecules. 4. This property enables them to form an interface or separation between two solutions; the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer.

Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes.

Steroids Have Carbon Rings 1. Steroids differ from neutral fats; steroids have a backbone of four fused carbon rings; vary according to attached functional groups. 2. Cholesterol is a precursor of other steroids, including aldosterone and sex hormones. 3. Testosterone is the male sex hormone. 4. Functions vary due primarily to different attached functional groups.