MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Chapter 5. Macromolecules

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules  macromolecules  4 major classes of macromolecules:  carbohydrates  lipids  proteins  nucleic acids

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Polymers  Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units  polymers  monomers = repeated small units  covalent bonds

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia How to build a polymer  Condensation reaction  dehydration synthesis  joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out  1 monomer provides OH  the other monomer provides H  together these form H 2 O  requires energy & enzymes

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia How to break down a polymer  Hydrolysis  use H 2 O to break apart monomers  reverse of condensation reaction  H 2 O is split into H and OH  H & OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be  ex: digestion is hydrolysis

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Carbohydrates

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia So what’s all this talk about carbs? Atkin’s Diet South Beach Diet

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6  Function:  energy u energy storage  raw materials u structural materials  Monomer: sugars  ex: sugars & starches

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Sugars  Most names for sugars end in -ose  Classified by number of carbons  6C = hexose (glucose)  5C = pentose (fructose, ribose)  3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia What functional groups? carbonyl ketone aldehyde hydroxyl

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Sugar structure  5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions  in cells! Carbons are numbered

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Simple & complex sugars  Monosaccharides  simple 1 monomer sugars  glucose  Disaccharides  2 monomers  sucrose  Polysaccharides  large polymers  starch

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | glucose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | sucrose structural isomers

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Polysaccharides  Polymers of sugars  costs little energy to build  easily reversible = release energy  Function:  energy storage  starch (plants)  glycogen (animals)  building materials = structure  cellulose (plants)  chitin (arthropods & fungi)

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Branched vs linear polysaccharides

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Polysaccharide diversity  Molecular structure determines function  isomers of glucose  How does structure influence function…

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Digesting starch vs. cellulose

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Cellulose  Most abundant organic compound on Earth

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Glycemic index  Which food will get into your blood more quickly?  apple  rice cakes  corn flakes  bagel  peanut M&M

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Glycemic index  Ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels  Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic indices. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Glycemic index  Which food will get into your blood more quickly?  apple36  rice cakes82  corn flakes84  bagel72  peanut M&M33

MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia Let’s build some Carbohydrates!