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 Teeth – mechanical digestion through mastication  Salivary glands – parotid, submandibular, sublingual ◦ Secrete saliva, a bicarbonate rich juice ◦ chemical digestion via secretions of enzymes  Salivary amylase begins starch digestion ◦ Saliva also contains lysozyme and antibodies to inhibit bacteria  Pancreas  Liver  Gallbladder © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Esophagus Parotid gland Sublingual gland Submandibular gland Salivary glands Pharynx Stomach Pancreas Transverse colon Descending colon Ascending colon Cecum Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anal canal Anus Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Liver Gallbladder Large intestine

 Produces digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food ◦ releases into the duodenum via the hepatopancreatic ampulla ◦ Alkaline (bicarbonate) fluid with these enzymes neutralizes the acidic chyme  Produces hormones: (negative feedback loops) ◦ Insulin – reduces blood glucose ◦ Glucagon – raises blood glucose © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Right and left hepatic ducts from liver Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Bile duct and sphincter Accessory pancreatic duct Pancreas Jejunum Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Duodenum Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter Duodenal papilla Gallbladder

 largest gland in the body; consists of four lobes  can regenerate if part is damaged/removed  suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament  Connected to the gallbladder via the common hepatic duct © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 the body’s key metabolic organ  After the GI tract, blood travels to liver via the hepatic portal circulation  Roles in digestion: ◦ Manufactures bile and blood clotting proteins ◦ Detoxifies drugs and alcohol ◦ Degrades hormones ◦ Produces cholesterol:  Low Density Lipoproteins: transport cholesterol/lipids to the cells; large amounts circulating can build up in vessel lumen (BAD GUYS)  High Density Lipoproetins: transport cholesterol from the cells to the liver for disposal in bile (GOOD GUYS) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The liver manages blood glucose levels through: ◦ Glycogenesis: ◦ Glucose is removed from the blood (via insulin) ◦ Converted to glycogen and stored in the liver ◦ Glycogenolysis: ◦ Glucose is released into the blood (via glucagon) ◦ Glycogen is “split” and put back into blood ◦ Gluconeogenesis: ◦ The Liver can make glucose using fats and amino acids

Right and left hepatic ducts from liver Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Bile duct and sphincter Accessory pancreatic duct Pancreas Jejunum Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Duodenum Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter Duodenal papilla Gallbladder

 produced by cells in the liver  a yellow-green, watery solution containing: ◦ Bile salts and bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin) ◦ Cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytes  leaves the liver via the common hepatic duct ◦ enters duodenum through the bile duct  Function: emulsify fats ◦ Chemically breaks large fat globules into smaller ones © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sac found in shallow fossa of liver  When no digestion is occurring: ◦ bile backs up the cystic duct for storage in the gallbladder  Water is removed at this time to concentrate it  Gallstones ◦ crystallized cholesterol that can cause blockages  Result from removal of too much water  Prolonged storage in gallbladder © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Right and left hepatic ducts from liver Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Bile duct and sphincter Accessory pancreatic duct Pancreas Jejunum Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Duodenum Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter Duodenal papilla Gallbladder