DeeDee Schumacher CVT, VTS (ECC) & Jeannie Stall, R.V.T. Credits: Alleice Summers Clip Art /Google images

 Involve multiple body systems in addition to the primary target organ.  Causes  Viral  Bacterial  Parasitic

Dogs & other carnivores Transmission : Via aerosolized body secretions Highly contagious / Fairly easy to kill Many strains of the virus Causes immunosuppression then secondary infections Treatment : None, just supportive therapy

 Clinical Signs  Fever  Cough  Nasal & ocular discharge  Pneumonia  Vomiting  Diarrhea  Dehydration  Seizures  Ataxia

Vaccine only prevention Prognosis guarded - (esp. if neuro problems present) Neuro issues can present weeks - yrs post infection

Very resistant virus - can survive for yrs. in environment Via fecal-oral transmission Invades rapidly dividing cells :  Lymph system  GI tract  Bone marrow Black & tan breeds more susceptible

 Clinical signs  Lethargy  Anorexia  Vomiting  Bloody diarrhea  Fever  Dehydration  Death

Vaccine only prevention Keep puppies isolated until final vaccine: Avoid visits to dog parks, pet stores…… Trt: Supportive treatment only Infected animals require isolation ward: Step in/step out pans Protective gowns

Small, Gram -, Obligate, intracellular bacteria  Dogs  Rickettsiae  Ehrlichiae

 Rickettsii Induces vascular endothelial injury  Inflammation  Necrosis  Increased vascular permeability Ticks:  Dermacentor variabilis  Dermacentro adersoni

 Clinical signs  Edema  Hypotension  Shock  Arrhythmias  Seizures  Coma  ARF Dx : Direct immunofluorescent test in skin/ tissue Hx of tick exposure

Tx : Rx Tetracycline Doxycycline

Ehrlichia canis via tick: Rhipicephalus sanguineus Disease Acute: 2-4 weeks Organism multiplies and is transported to other organs Subclinical 6-9 weeks after infection +/- signs Chronic Bone marrow suppression

Clinical signs :  Anemia  Depression  Anorexia  Fever  Dyspnea  CNS signs  Bleeding tendencies Dx : Positive indirect immunoflorescent antibody test Tx: Rx Tetracycline or Doxyclicline Supportive care

Borrelia burgdorferi via tick: Ixodes sp./ Requires attachment for 48 hours Symptoms: Fever Anorexia Lameness Dx : Via + ELISA test

Tx : Rx Doxyclycline but not always effective….. Anti-inflammatory meds Vx : Endemic areas & dog’s “life-style” due to tick exposure: Hunting, timber walks, camping

All w arm blooded animals Viral- induced neurologic dz. Hosts: Raccoons / Skunks / Bats / Foxes / Coyotes Transmission : Saliva via mucous membranes, bites, open wounds

Incubation time : 3-8 weeks (from exposure to symptoms) Enters nerve bite /wound, ascends the nerve to the brain, where it multiplies then travels along nerves to salivary glands & enters saliva

3 stages: Prodromal Changes in behavior ie: “Friendly” wild animals Fearful Excitative (furious) Hyperactive/aggressive Dazed stupor = “Dumb “ form of rabies Paralytic Ascending hind limb paralysis progesses to resp. failure & death

No cure ***ZOONOTIC*** Clin. signs: Behavior changes Difficulty swallowing Hypersalivation Ataxia Depression/stupor

Dx. : Postmortem exam of brain only Must include brain stem / Not frozen tissues Vx’d pet exposed = Re-vx. & watch for 90 days Unvaccinated animal exposed : Euthanasia or Strict isolation x 6 months Quarantine periods vary

Highly contagious upper respiratory virus Still prevalent inspite of available vaccines Transmission via : Aerosolization / Direct contact Virus not hardy -- Inactivated in environment within hrs. Can shed virus up to 3 wks. after infection

Clin. Signs : Sneezing Conjunctivitis Nasal discharge Fever Anorexia Depression Corneal ulcers

Tx.: Supportive therapy Anorexic- (Can’t smell food so won’t eat) Antiviral therapy for ocular infections Vaccine best prevention People can transmit virus to other cats on clothes, etc…..

Highly contagious upper resp. virus Ulcerative stomatitis common Hardy, resistant virus Disinfectants don’t kill readily & can live in environment for days Transmission : Direct contact with infected cats

Clin. signs : Fever Ocular & nasal discharge Mild conjunctivitis Oral ulcers Pneumonia In kittens, acute arthritis- a.k.a. “Limping kitten syndrome”

Trt: Supportive care only Vaccinations are the best prevention Clinical signs last ~ 5-7 days Oral ulcers last 7 days Anorexia a problem -- If cat can’t smell food, won’t eat food……….

Closely related to K-9 Parvovirus Transmission : Direct contact Contaminated environment Virus remains in environment for years Incubation period : days Exposure to symptoms

Clinical Signs: Fever Depression Vomiting Diarrhea Dehydration Anorexia Abortion

Trt : Supportive therapy Force feed ( after vomiting is controlled ) Rx Broad-spectrum abx Post – virus “surviver” has lifelong immunity Vaccinations are best prevention

“Feline AIDS “ ( lentivirus ) Intact males living outdoors ( “Mail” cat ) Transmission : Fighting / bite wounds Vaccine may cause cats to test positive

Clin. signs : History of recurrent illnesses Anorexia / Stomatitis / Chronic URI Diarrhea / Vomiting / Chronic fever

Keep infected cats indoors & stress-free Casual contact transmission unlikely No specific treatment / No human risk Vaccine available

Retrovirus / Unstable in environment Transmission via close contact: Horizontal transmission – Sick cat to well cat Urine, saliva, tears, fighting, grooming, bowls, etc… Vertical – Poss. via parent?? Transplacental Transmammary - milk

ELISA test: Positive cats should be retested in 3-4 months May remain in good health for a long time Keep infected cats indoors: < stress < exposure to other dz. < transmission to others

Clin. signs : Fever / Anorexia / Wt. loss / Anemia Secondary infections / Vomiting Diarrhea / Abortion / Renal disease Neuro problems

Isolate infected cats & reduce stress No treatment Vx. infected cats for other diseases

Requires exposure to feline corona virus (virus mutates) Virus sheds intermittedly Inactivated in environment by disinfectants Issue for catteries / ++++ multi-cat homes Highly contagious !!! Transmission via : Feces / Urine / Saliva

Two forms of this dz.: “Wet “: 75% of cases Effusive form has perivasculitis Protein-rich fluid accumulation in chest/ abd. Faster progression of dz. than the dry form “Dry “: 45% of non-effusive cases have ocular & neuro problems

“ Wet” form clinical signs : Ascites Pleural effusion Anorexia Depression Weight loss Dehydration

“Dry” form clin. signs: Fever (unknown origin) Anorexia Depression Weight loss Ocular lesions Neuro signs

Trt : Supportive care Aspirate fluids / Rx Steroids daily Rx Broad spectrum abx Prevention is best : Isolate infected cats Don’t breed infected queens !!! + / - Vaccinate negative cats ?? ( Vx. only effective when given to cat not prev. exposed to feline coronavirus)

Toxoplasma gondii : Intracellular coccidian Feline only definitive host, but other warm blooded animals (humans, too) can be intermediate hosts ~ 30% - 60% of adults have been exposed

Transmission via: Fecal - oral Transplacental Eating contaminated meat of intermed. host

Sporulated oocysts are ingested & tachyzoites form which then invade body tissues Cat  Eye  Lung  Dog ( rarely occur )  GI  Neuro  Respiratory Host cat sheds oocysts for 1-2 we eks Undercooked meat > exposure risk !!!

 Dependent upon which tissue was invaded …. Anorexia / Lethargy / Fever / Wt. Loss Diarrhea / Vomiting / Icterus ( jaundice ) Lameness / Resp. issues / Pancreatic issues Anterior uveitis / Glaucoma / CNS issues Sudden death

Immunocompromised or Pregnant : Requires someone else to change litterbox daily w/ hot H2O rinse weekly Dx: Difficult since so many people are exposed No long term shedding of oocysts (~ 1-2 wks) Tx: Rx Clindamycin ( BID x 2 -3 weeks )