Services

Warm up Write down 5 places you have gone in the last week that would be considered part of the service/tertiary sector?

Distribution Transport Financial Banks, Credit Union Business Advertising, Accountancy Tourism/Leisure Golf caddy Hotel staff Construction Carpenter, plumber Teleservices Customer support Repair Mechanic, IT Technician Personal Dentist, Doctor, Barber Administration Office staff Communication Radio, TV, Newspapers Services

Chapter 12: Services The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

Services Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need Services are located in settlements Location of services is important for profitability Affluent regions tend to offer more services Local diversity is evident in the provision of services

Where Did Services Originate? Three types of services Consumer services About 44 percent of all jobs in the United States Business services About 24 percent of all jobs in the United States Public services (not including education) About 17 percent of all jobs in the United States In the United States, all employment growth has occurred in the services sector Over 2/3 of employment for MDCs are in Services.

Percentage of GDP from Services Figure 12-1

Employment Change in the United States by Sector Figure 12-2

Where Did Services Originate? Services in early rural settlements Early consumer services met societal needs Examples = burial of the dead, religious centers, manufacturing centers Early public services probably followed religious activities Early business services to distribute and store food

Where Did Services Originate? Services in early urban settlements Services in ancient cities Earliest urban settlements (e.g., Ur), Athens, Rome Services in medieval cities Largest settlements were in Asia European cities developed with feudalism

Where Are Contemporary Services Located? Services in rural settlements Less than half of the world’s population lives in rural settlements Two types Clustered rural settlements Circular or linear Clustered settlements in Colonial America Dispersed rural settlements In the United States In Great Britain oEnclosure movement

Rural Settlement Patterns Figure Linear: French Long Lot System Circular

Metes and Bounds System

The metes and bounds system was developed in Europe over a period of many years. It uses natural land marks and low precision measuring to define boundaries. A typical metes and bounds description could read: “From the point on the north bank of Muddy Creek one mile above the junction of Muddy and Indian Creeks, north for 400 yards, then northwest to the large standing rock, west to the large oak tree, south to Muddy Creek, then down the center of the creek to the starting point.”

Problems with the metes and bounds system * Irregular shapes for properties make for much more complex descriptions. * Over time, these descriptions become problematic as trees die or streams move by erosion. * It wasn’t useful for the large, newly surveyed tracts of land being opened in the west, which were being sold sight unseen to investors.

Do we still use the metes and bounds system? Yes It is used for irregular shaped parcels of land. Instead of visual description of landmarks, angles and distances are used.

Public Land Surveying System (PLSS) The beginning of the current day PLSS occurred with the passage of the Land Ordnance Act of Purpose: To facilitate disposal (either via sale or simple giveaways) of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains that the U.S. government had acquired from the British after the end of the Revolutionary War.

1. U.S. soldiers had been promised land in return for their service during the Revolutionary War, 2. The government needed the money from the land sales (there was no tax system in place at that time), 3. Settlers were needed in the western lands to defend the nation's frontier from ongoing Indian attacks. Disposing of this land was a very high priority for the young U.S. Government, for several reasons:

U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785 Township and range system Township = 6 sq. miles on each side North–south lines = principal meridians East–west lines = base lines Range Sections

PLSS Use

Where Are Contemporary Services Located? Services in urban settlements Differences between urban and rural settlements Large size High density Social heterogeneity Increasing percentage of people in cities Increasing number of people in cities

Percentage of Population Living in Urban Settlements Figure 12-14

Urban Settlements With Populations of at Least 3 Million Figure 12-15

Time to Chew With your teammate: Come up with ONE major element that stood out to you. Come up with ONE question about the material.

Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Central place theory First proposed by Walter Christaller (1930s) Characteristics A central place has a market area (or hinterland) Size of a market area Range Threshold

Central Place Theory Figure 12-17

Central Place Theory Figure 12-21

“Daily Urban Systems” Figure 12-16

Market Areas, Range, and Threshold for Kroger Supermarkets Figure 12-18

Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Market-area analysis Profitability of a location Compute the range Compute the threshold Draw the market area Optimal location within a market Best location in a linear settlement Best location in a nonlinear settlement

Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery Service Figure 12-20

Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern? Hierarchy of services and settlements Nesting (Regional Order: hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis Market areas in MDCs = a series of hexagons of various sizes Rank-size distribution of settlements Primate city rule Primate cities Periodic markets

Rank-Size Distribution in the United States and Indonesia Figure 12-23

Primate Cities A primate city is a major city that works as the financial, political, and population center of a country and is not rivaled in any of these aspects by any other city in that country. Normally, a primate city must be at least twice as populous as the second largest city in the country. The presence of a primate city in a country usually indicates an imbalance in development — usually a progressive core, and a lagging periphery, on which the primate city depends for labor and other resources London, Paris, Baghdad, Mexico City, Athens, Buenos Aires

Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements? Hierarchy of business services Services in world cities Business: clustering of services is a product of the Industrial Revolution Consumer: retail services with extensive market areas May include leisure services of national importance due to large thresholds, large ranges, and the presence of wealthy patrons. Public: world cities are often the center of national or international political power

Figure World Cities

Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements? Business services in LDCs Offshore financial services Two functions: Taxes Privacy Back offices LDCs are attractive because of: Low wages Ability to speak English

Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements? Economic base of settlements Two types: Basic industries Nonbasic industries Specialization of cities in different services Distribution of talent

Economic Base of U.S. Cities Figure 12-28

Time to Chew With your teammate: Come up with ONE major element that stood out to you. Come up with ONE question about the material.

The End. Up next: Urban Patterns