Asterids – Part 2 Lamiales Spring 2010

“basal” asterids (Asterids I) (Asterids II) Figure 9.4 from the text

Asterid taxa – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Order Ericales Euasterids I (lamiids) Order Solanales Order Gentianales Order Lamiales Oleaceae – olives, ashes, lilacs Scrophulariaceae – figworts, buddlejas Plantaginaceae – snapdragons, vervains, penstemons Orobanchaceae – louseworts, beechdrops Bignoniaceae – trumpet creepers Gesneriaceae – African violets, gloxinia Lamiaceae – mints Euasterids II (campanulids)

Lamiales -gland-headed hairs -diacytic stomates -oligosaccharides (instead of starch) -anther anatomy -protein inclusions in the nuclei of mesophyll cells -endosperm with a micropylar haustorium -molecular data -ca. 22 families and 20,000 species

Figure from the text

Euasterids I: Lamiales: Oleaceae (The Olive Family) Widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Trees, shrubs (lianas) with usually opposite leaves Diversity: 600 species in 25 genera Flowers: Often small but can be showy; sepals & petals 4, connate; stamens 2, filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or circumcissile capsule, berry, drupe Significant features: Tetramerous flowers. Special uses: Olives (Olea) used for fruits and oil; jasmine (Jasminum) used for flavoring and perfumery; ornamentals: lilac (Syringa), ash (Fraxinus), privet (Ligustrum), Forsythia Required taxa: Fraxinus, Syringa

Oleaceae: Fraxinus -trees or shrubs -leaves usually pinnately compound -flowers small, usually unisexual -petals 4 or lacking -fruit a dry indehiscent winged samara

Oleaceae: Syringa -upright shrubs -leaves simple -inflorescences paniculate -corolla salverform, lilac to pink or white -fruit a loculicidal capsule

Euasterids I: Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae (The Figwort Family) Widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions Herbs (shrubs) with terminal inflorescences Diversity: 1,680 species in 52 genera Flowers: Sepals 3-5, connate; petals 4-5, connate, corolla bilabiate or tubular with flaring lobes, typically showing zygomorphy but sometimes radial; stamens, 5, 4, or 2, with filaments adnate to corolla; anther sacs usually confluent and opening by a single distal slit oriented at right angles to the filament or more or less U-shaped; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule, drupe or schizocarp of achenes or druplets Significant features: floral zygomorphy; anther openings Special uses: Many ornamentals (Buddleja, Nemesia, Scrophularia) Required taxa: Verbascum

Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum -tall, usually hairy biennial herbs -stem leaves sessile, often decurrent -inflorescences terminal spikes, racemes or panicles -corolla 5-lobed, rotate, tube short, only slightly bilateral -stamens 5, all fertile, 3 or all of the filaments hairy

Euasterids I: Lamiales: Plantaginaceae (The Snapdragon Family) Nearly cosmopolitan, but most diverse in temperate areas Herbs or less commonly shrubs, often with terminal inflorescences; leaves alternate or opposite Diversity: 1,820 species in 104 genera Flowers: Usually bisexual and bilateral, but + radial in Plantago; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 5 (or appearing to be 4 due to fusion of 2 upper lobes), connate, with a 2-lipped corolla; stamens usually 4 (2), with filaments adnate to corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a septicidal capsule or schizocarp of 2 achenes Significant features: floral zygomorphy; special type of glandular hair Special uses: Many ornamentals (Antirrhinum, Penstemon, Veronica, Linaria); medical foxglove (Digitalis) Required taxa: Plantago, *Veronica *change from lab manual

Plantaginaceae: Plantago -usually “stemless” herbs (rosettes) -leaves with parallel venation -flowers 4-merous, radial, wind- pollinated -corolla much reduced -stamens 4, filaments long exserted

Plantaginaceae: Veronica -usually herbaceous, annuals or perennials -leaves usually opposite -flowers relatively small -corolla rotate, not bilabiate but somewhat zygomorphic -stamens 2

Euasterids I: Lamiales: Orobanchaceae (The Broomrape Family) Nearly cosmopolitan Herbs, hemiparasitic or holoparasitic (lacking chlorophyll), often black or dark colored when dry Diversity: 1540 species in 65 genera Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, the corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, didynamous, adnate to the corolla; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule Significant features: Haustorial connections to terrestrial plant roots Required taxa: Castilleja

Orobanchaceae: Castilleja -hemiparasitic herbs with alternate leaves -inflorescences with colorful, showy bracts more conspicuous than the flowers themselves -calyx tubular -anther locules unequal and separated

Euasterids I: Lamiales: Bignoniaceae (The Bignonia or Trumpet Creeper Family) Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, some temperate; maximal diversity in n. South America Trees, shrubs, or lianas with leaves usually opposite or whorled and pinnately or palmately compound Diversity: 860 species in 104 genera Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, the corolla more or less 2-lipped; stamens usually 4, didynamous, filaments adnate to the corolla, anthers sagittate; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary, the placentas divided into 2 per locule; fruit an elongate septicidal or loculicidal capsule Significant features: Compound leaves; flattened, winged or fringed seeds Special uses: timber (Tabebuia), ornamentals (Jacaranda, Kigelia, Campsis, Catalpa “cigar tree” Required taxa: Catalpa

Bignoniaceae Campsis radicans – compound leaves – didynamous stamens

Bignoniaceae: Catalpa -trees -leaves simple (unifoliolate), cordate or ovate -calyx deeply bilabiate -corolla campanulate -fertile stamens 2 (4) -capsule long and slender, nearly cylindrical

Euasterids I: Lamiales: Gesneriaceae (The Gesneriad or African Violet Family) Widely distributed in tropical regions Herbs (to shrubs), often epiphytic; leaves usually opposite and simple Diversity: 3,500 species in 147 genera Flowers: Sepals 5, distinct to connate; petals 5, connate, the corolla usually 2-lipped; stamens 4, didynamous, filaments adnate to the corolla, anthers often sticking together in pairs or all in one group; carpels 2, connate, inferior or superior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, or a berry Significant features: Many are hairy or tomentose; understory herbs or epiphytes in moist shaded places. Special uses: Many ornamentals (Sinningia, Streptocarpus [incl. Saintpaulia], Columnea, Gloxinia). Required taxa: *family only *change from lab manual

Euasterids I: Lamiales: Lamiaceae (The Mint Family; Labiatae) Cosmopolitan Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems square in herbaceous taxa Diversity: 6,800 species in 252 genera Flowers: Sepals 5, connate, calyx radial or bilateral; petals 5, connate, bilabiate; stamens 4, didynamous to more or less equal; carpels 2, 2 ovules per carpel, connate, styles terminal to gynobasic, superior ovary; fruit a drupe w/ 1-4 pits, an indehiscent 4-seeded pod, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets or drupelets Significant features: Opposite leaves (usually); aromatic volatile compounds - mint oils; inflorescences with main axis indeterminate and determinate (cymose) lateral axes, these often congested into pseudowhorls (verticillate) Special uses: Many herbs: oregano (Origanum), basil (Basilicum), peppermint/spearmint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus); teak wood (Tectona); ornamentals (e.g., Salvia, Callicarpa) Required taxa: Salvia

Lamiaceae Ovary: 2-carpellate deeply 4-lobed 4 locules Gynobasic style Schizocarp (4 nutlets) Corolla: zygomorphic sympetalous bilabiate Stamens: 4, didynamous epipetalous Square stems (herbaceous taxa) Opposite leaves Inflorescence: false whorls (verticils)

Lamiaceae: Salvia -calyx bilabiate, its lower lip 2-lobed -corolla strongly bilabiate -anther-bearing stamens 2, ascending and parallel, the upper pair lacking or rudimentary -anther with an elongate filament-like connective articulated with the filament -ovary deeply 4-parted

Lamiaceae Economic plants and products: Condiments & perfumes: Basil (Ocimum) Lavender (Lavandula) Oregano (Origanum) Peppermint (Mentha) Rosemary (Rosmarinus) Sage (Salvia) Spearmint (Mentha) Thyme (Thymus) Mentha

Lamiaceae Economic plants and products: Ornamental plants: Beauty-berry (Callicarpa) Coleus (Coleus) Salvia (Salvia)

Special family names Arecaceae (= Palmae) Poaceae (= Gramineae) Lamiaceae (= Labiatae) Fabaceae (= Leguminosae) Apiaceae (= Umbelliferae) Brassicaceae (= Cruciferae) Asteraceae (= Compositae) Clusiaceae (= Guttiferae) [also listed on p. 38 of lab manual]