+ Criteria for Candidates Altitude > 40°; Apparent Magnitude > 14; Available Distance and Angular Radius; Available Spectra Criteria for Candidates Altitude > 40°; Apparent Magnitude > 14; Available Distance and Angular Radius; Available Spectra Introduction Planetary nebulae are crucial in returning heavier metals into the interstellar medium, influencing later star and galaxy formation (Aller & Keyes, 87). Introduction Planetary nebulae are crucial in returning heavier metals into the interstellar medium, influencing later star and galaxy formation (Aller & Keyes, 87). Project Goals -Identify emission lines -Identify ionization potentials -Determine Density, Volume and Mass Project Goals -Identify emission lines -Identify ionization potentials -Determine Density, Volume and Mass Purpose To find a correlation between mass and ionization potentials as well as to see if mass affects elements expelled into interstellar medium Purpose To find a correlation between mass and ionization potentials as well as to see if mass affects elements expelled into interstellar medium Pictures of Candidates and Spectra from Williams (from top) NGC 7662; IC 1747; IC 289; M1-4; M2-2; NGC 7008; NGC 7534 Chart is a template that was used to determine spectral lines. Probable chemical composition for planetary nebula. Knowledge Base Literature Review -C. Szyka, JR Walsh et al determined the highest ionization potential of planetary nebula NGC 6302 by use of spectral analysis. They also calculated temperature. -K. Hermann et al determined the mass of several planetary nebulae and found distance using the luminosity function. -B Webster studied emissions of magellanic clouds as determined approximated distances. Literature Review -C. Szyka, JR Walsh et al determined the highest ionization potential of planetary nebula NGC 6302 by use of spectral analysis. They also calculated temperature. -K. Hermann et al determined the mass of several planetary nebulae and found distance using the luminosity function. -B Webster studied emissions of magellanic clouds as determined approximated distances. Figure 1 Stratification of ions: higher near core, lower farther from star Arnold, Jacob (2008) Figure 1 Stratification of ions: higher near core, lower farther from star Arnold, Jacob (2008)

Results Direct Correlation found between mass and highest ionization potential value, p=.994 (graph) Direct Correlation found between mass and highest ionization potential value, p=.994 (graph) Chemical elements identified, generally lighter Chemical elements identified, generally lighter  heaviest overall- Ar Results Direct Correlation found between mass and highest ionization potential value, p=.994 (graph) Direct Correlation found between mass and highest ionization potential value, p=.994 (graph) Chemical elements identified, generally lighter Chemical elements identified, generally lighter  heaviest overall- Ar Discussion Goals: identify elements, calculate ionization potentials/mass, find relationship Goals: identify elements, calculate ionization potentials/mass, find relationship supports findings of Harrington (1969), Szyszka et. al (2009) supports findings of Harrington (1969), Szyszka et. al (2009) Correlation: more massive PN, greater value of highest ionization potential Correlation: more massive PN, greater value of highest ionization potential  More energy required- greater mass Chemicals returned to interstellar medium lighter Chemicals returned to interstellar medium lighter  heaviest element: Argon lightest element: Hydrogen  PNe early stages of life, only ionizing outer shells (seen in Figure 1) Discussion Goals: identify elements, calculate ionization potentials/mass, find relationship Goals: identify elements, calculate ionization potentials/mass, find relationship supports findings of Harrington (1969), Szyszka et. al (2009) supports findings of Harrington (1969), Szyszka et. al (2009) Correlation: more massive PN, greater value of highest ionization potential Correlation: more massive PN, greater value of highest ionization potential  More energy required- greater mass Chemicals returned to interstellar medium lighter Chemicals returned to interstellar medium lighter  heaviest element: Argon lightest element: Hydrogen  PNe early stages of life, only ionizing outer shells (seen in Figure 1) Conclusion Mass and highest ionization potentials have correlation: greater mass related to larger ionization potential values Mass and highest ionization potentials have correlation: greater mass related to larger ionization potential values Chemicals returned to interstellar medium identified Chemicals returned to interstellar medium identified PNe relatively early in life cycles PNe relatively early in life cycles  ionizing lighter ions, have not begun to ionize heavier materials near central star Predict stellar evolution Predict stellar evolution Conclusion Mass and highest ionization potentials have correlation: greater mass related to larger ionization potential values Mass and highest ionization potentials have correlation: greater mass related to larger ionization potential values Chemicals returned to interstellar medium identified Chemicals returned to interstellar medium identified PNe relatively early in life cycles PNe relatively early in life cycles  ionizing lighter ions, have not begun to ionize heavier materials near central star Predict stellar evolution Predict stellar evolution Future Studies Goncalvez et. al (2009)- relation between ionization and temperature Goncalvez et. al (2009)- relation between ionization and temperature Relate ionization potentials to surface temperature and compare to mass Relate ionization potentials to surface temperature and compare to mass Future Studies Goncalvez et. al (2009)- relation between ionization and temperature Goncalvez et. al (2009)- relation between ionization and temperature Relate ionization potentials to surface temperature and compare to mass Relate ionization potentials to surface temperature and compare to mass Limitations Originally planned for self- viewing and astrophotography Originally planned for self- viewing and astrophotography availablility of instruments availablility of instruments Limitations Originally planned for self- viewing and astrophotography Originally planned for self- viewing and astrophotography availablility of instruments availablility of instruments Bibliography Aller & Keyes, et al. “A Spectroscopic Survey of 51 Planetary Nebulae.” Arnold, Jacob. “Planetary Nebulae. AY 230, Fall Canright, Shelley. “Stellar Evolution - The Birth, Life, and Death of a Star.” NASA. 10 April Canright, Shelley. “Stellar Evolution - The Birth, Life, and Death of a Star.” NASA. 10 April Ciardullo, Robin. “The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function.” Astrophysical Journal. 14 July Covington, Michael A. “Processing DSLR Raw Images with MaxDSLR and MaxIm DL.” 25 December Guerrero, Martin A. “Physical Structure of Planetary Nebulae. II. NGC 7662.” The Astronomical Journal, American Astronomical Society. October The Astronomical Journal, American Astronomical Society. October Flower, D.R. “The Ionization Structure of Planetary Nebulae-VII:The Heavy Elements.” Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 146, pg July Herrmann, Kimberly A. “Planetary Nebulae in Face-On Spiral Galaxies. II. Planetary Nebula Spectroscopy.” Astrophysical Journal. 4 August Jacoby, George et al. “A Library of Stellar Spectra.” Astrophysical Journal. October Kelusa, Craig. “What is Spectroscopy?” University of Arizona. 14 Feb < Kwitter, Karen B. “Gallery of Planetary Nebulae Spectra.” Williams College Lee, Kevin. “Spectral Classification of Stars.” Lee, Kevin. “Spectral Classification of Stars.” Lestition, Kathy. “Stellar Evolution.” Chandra X-Ray Observatory. NASA. 24 September National Optical Astronomy Observatory. “Spectral Analysis for the RV Tau Star R Sct.”RBSE Ransom, R. R. et al. “Probing the Magnetized Interstellar Medium Surrounding the Planetary Nebula SH ” Astrophysical Journal. 9 June Santa Barbara Instrument Group. “DSS-7: Deep Space Spectrograph.” 20 March Santa Barbara Instrument Group. “DSS-7: Deep Space Spectrograph.” 20 March Szyszka C. et al. “Detection of the Central Star of the Planetary Nebula NGC 6302.” Astrophysical Journal. 21 October Seeds, Michael A. Foundations of Astronomy. Brooks/Cole Sloan Digital Sky Survey. “The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.” / Webster, Louise B. “The Masses and Galactic Distribution of Southern Planetary Nebulae.” Royal Astronomical Society. 11 April Bibliography Aller & Keyes, et al. “A Spectroscopic Survey of 51 Planetary Nebulae.” Arnold, Jacob. “Planetary Nebulae. AY 230, Fall Canright, Shelley. “Stellar Evolution - The Birth, Life, and Death of a Star.” NASA. 10 April Canright, Shelley. “Stellar Evolution - The Birth, Life, and Death of a Star.” NASA. 10 April Ciardullo, Robin. “The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function.” Astrophysical Journal. 14 July Covington, Michael A. “Processing DSLR Raw Images with MaxDSLR and MaxIm DL.” 25 December Guerrero, Martin A. “Physical Structure of Planetary Nebulae. II. NGC 7662.” The Astronomical Journal, American Astronomical Society. October The Astronomical Journal, American Astronomical Society. October Flower, D.R. “The Ionization Structure of Planetary Nebulae-VII:The Heavy Elements.” Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 146, pg July Herrmann, Kimberly A. “Planetary Nebulae in Face-On Spiral Galaxies. II. Planetary Nebula Spectroscopy.” Astrophysical Journal. 4 August Jacoby, George et al. “A Library of Stellar Spectra.” Astrophysical Journal. October Kelusa, Craig. “What is Spectroscopy?” University of Arizona. 14 Feb < Kwitter, Karen B. “Gallery of Planetary Nebulae Spectra.” Williams College Lee, Kevin. “Spectral Classification of Stars.” Lee, Kevin. “Spectral Classification of Stars.” Lestition, Kathy. “Stellar Evolution.” Chandra X-Ray Observatory. NASA. 24 September National Optical Astronomy Observatory. “Spectral Analysis for the RV Tau Star R Sct.”RBSE Ransom, R. R. et al. “Probing the Magnetized Interstellar Medium Surrounding the Planetary Nebula SH ” Astrophysical Journal. 9 June Santa Barbara Instrument Group. “DSS-7: Deep Space Spectrograph.” 20 March Santa Barbara Instrument Group. “DSS-7: Deep Space Spectrograph.” 20 March Szyszka C. et al. “Detection of the Central Star of the Planetary Nebula NGC 6302.” Astrophysical Journal. 21 October Seeds, Michael A. Foundations of Astronomy. Brooks/Cole Sloan Digital Sky Survey. “The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.” / Webster, Louise B. “The Masses and Galactic Distribution of Southern Planetary Nebulae.” Royal Astronomical Society. 11 April 1968.