Body Systems Allied Health I- Unit C

C. BODY SYSTEMS 1H03.01 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms body and the relationship of one body part to another. Physiology studies the function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism. For our purposes in this unit it is the study of directions, positions, planes, sections, cavities, and abdominal and pelvic regions.

Directions/Position Anatomical Position Anterior and ventral -------------------------------------front or in front of Posterior or dorsal ---------------------------------------back or in back of Cranial and caudal ---------------------------------------cranial:head end caudal: tail end Superior and inferior------------------------------------superior: upper or above inferior: lower or below Medial and lateral ----------------------------------------medial: toward the midline lateral: away from midline Proximal and distal --------------------------------------proximal: toward the trunk distal: farthest from trunk Superficial or external ----------------------------------on or near the surface of body Deep or internal ------------------------------------------inside or about a body cavity

Planes and Sections Sagittal plane ---------------------------------divides the body into right and left parts Coronal (frontal) plane ---------------------a vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions. Transverse (cross section) -----------------a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Cavities Dorsal cavity – contains the brain and spinal cavity Cranial cavity – where the brain is located Spinal cavity – thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine. Pelvic cavity – urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of the large intestine, and the appendix.

Abdominal/Pelvic Regions Epigastric – located just below the sternum (breast bone), and the right hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac regions are located below the ribs. Umbilical – located around the naval or umbilicus, and the right lumbar region and the left lumbar region extend from anterior to posterior. ( A person will complain of back pain or lumbar sprain.) Hypogastric – the pubic area

Nine regions of Abdominal Area Right Hypochondriac Epigastric Left Hypochondriac Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar Right Inguinal Hypogastric Left Inguinal

1H03.02 Body Tissues and Membranes -Epithelial tissue -Connective Tissue *adipose *cartilage *tendons *ligaments -Muscle Tissue -Nervous Tissue

TISSUES Connective Tissue- supports and connects organs and tissue Epithelial Tissue – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces Connective Tissue- supports and connects organs and tissue Muscle Tissue – has the ability to contract and move the body Nervous Tissue – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse Adipose Tissue– type of connective tissue that stores fat cells Ligaments– strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints (bone to bone) Tendons – white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone (muscle to bone) Cartilage – firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

TISSUES MEMBRANES – formed by putting two thin layers of tissue together, cells may secrete a fluid MUCOUS MEMBRANES– lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining

TISSUES SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities 1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane 2. the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane. PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE – lines the heart cavity and protects the heart PERITONEAL MEMBRANE – lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs

ORGANS AND SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function · Integumentary · Skeletal · Muscular · Digestive · Respiratory · Circulatory · Excretory · Nervous · Endocrine · Reproductive