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Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Digestive and Urinary Systems Table of Contents Section 1 The Digestive System Section 2 The Urinary System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Digestive System Bellringer How does your cardiovascular system get the nutrients that it carries to your cells? Describe as best you can the process that turns food into nutrients that cells can use. Write your answers in your science journal. Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Digestive System Objectives Describe how the digestive system fuels body functions. Compare mechanical digestion with chemical digestion. Describe the parts and functions of the digestive system. Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Carbohydrate Protein Fats Which one of these help with growth and repair? Which is responsible for storing energy? Which is responsible for creating energy for the cell?

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Digestive System Digestive System at a Glance Your digestive system is a group of organs that break down food so that it can be used by the body. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and water are some of the nutrients your body needs. Food passes through the digestive tract. The digestive tract includes your mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands are also part of the digestive system. Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Protein is an essential nutrient; it is the material that the body uses for growth and repair. Cells in your body—such as those composing muscles, bones, and skin—are built of proteins. Carbohydrates are nutrients that provide cells with energy. Carbohydrates make up cellulose, which helps move materials through the digestive system. Another nutrient, fat, stores energy. Before your body can use these nutrients, they must be broken into smaller substances.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Breaking Down Food The breaking, crushing, and mashing of food is called mechanical digestion. In chemical digestion, large molecules are broken down into nutrients with the aid of enzymes. Amylase- an enzyme in saliva breaks down starch to sugar. Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The breaking, crushing, and mashing of food is called mechanical digestion. In chemical digestion, large molecules are broken down into nutrients with the aid of enzymes. Amylase- an enzyme in saliva breaks down starch to sugar.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Digestion Begins in the Mouth Teeth With the help of strong jaw muscles, teeth break and grind food. Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Digestion Begins in the Mouth, continued Saliva contains an enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. Leaving the Mouth Once the food has been reduced to a soft mush, the tongue pushes it into the throat, which leads to a long, straight tube called the esophagus. Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Harsh Environment of the Stomach The stomach is a muscular, saclike, digestive organ attached to the lower end of the esophagus. Tiny glands in the stomach produce enzymes and acid to break food down into nutrients. After a few hours of combined mechanical and chemical digestion, food leaves your stomach as a soupy mixture called chyme. Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Pancreas and Small Intestine The Pancreas is an organ located between the stomach and small intestine. Its makes fluids that protect the small intestine from the acid in chyme. The Small Intestine is a muscular tube that is about 2.5 cm in diameter. In the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through fingerlike projections called villi. Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Liver and Gallbladder The liver is a large, reddish brown organ that helps with digestion by making bile to break up fat. Bile is stored in a saclike organ called the gallbladder which squeezes the bile into the small intestine. The liver also stores excess nutrients until the body is ready to absorb them into the bloodstream. Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Liver and the Gallbladder, continued Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The End of the Line Material that can’t be absorbed into the blood is pushed into the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs most of the water in undigested material and changes the liquid into semisolid waste material called feces, or stool. Feces are stored in the rectum until they can be expelled. Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The End of the Line, continued Feces pass to the outside of the body through an opening called the anus. It takes each of your meals about 24 hours to make this journey through your digestive system. Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chemical Digestion Section 1 The Digestive System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Urinary System Bellringer Your blood must be cleaned regularly. Without looking in your textbook, guess how the body cleans the blood. Think about what organs might be used to clean your blood. Do you know what medical procedure you must undergo if your body is no longer able to clean its own blood? Write your answers in your science journal. and then check your answer against the textbook. Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Urinary System Objectives List three major body systems that function in excretion. Describe the parts and functions of the urinary system. Explain how the kidneys filter blood. Explain how the body balances water levels. Describe three disorders of the urinary system. Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Urinary System Cleaning the Blood The urinary system contains the organs that remove waste products from your blood. The Kidneys as Filters The kidneys are a pair of organs in the urinary system that clean the blood and excrete products as urine. Inside each kidney are more than 1 million microscopic filters called nephrons. Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Kidney Renal Vein (OUT) Renal Artery (IN) Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Urinary System Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Urinary System Water In, Water Out Sweat and Thirst The evaporation of water in the form of sweat cools you down. As the water content of the blood drops, the salivary glands produce less saliva, resulting in thirst. Antidiuretic Hormone When you get thirsty, antidiuretic hormone is released. This hormone signals the kidneys to take water from the nephrons and return it to the bloodstream. Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Urinary System Water In, Water Out, continued Diuretics Some beverages contain caffeine, which is a diuretic. Diuretics cause the kidneys to make more urine, which decreases the amount of water in the blood. Chapter 7

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Urinary System Chapter 7 Urinary System Problems Bacterial Infections Bacteria can get into the bladder and ureters through the urethra and cause painful infections. Kidney Stones Salts and other wastes can collect inside the kidneys and form kidney stones. Kidney Disease Damage to nephrons can prevent normal kidney functioning and can lead to kidney disease.

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Digestive and Urinary Systems Concept Mapping Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Chapter 7 food digestive system mechanical digestion chemical digestion proteins enzymes nutrients

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Digestive and Urinary Systems Chapter 7 Concept Mapping, continued

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Digestive and Urinary Systems Chapter 7 Concept Mapping, continued

End of Chapter 7 Show Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu FCAT For the following questions, write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. Wei has been diagnosed with diabetes, so she has to be careful about eating too much sugar. Her body does not produce enough insulin to break down sugars and adequately regulate the amount of glucose in her blood. Continued on the next slide Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. One of Wei’s organs is not working well. Which of the following statements describes that organ? A.Her pancreas is not making enough insulin. B.Her salivary glands are breaking down the insulin too quickly. C.Her smooth muscle tissue is not squeezing out enough insulin. D.Her stomach acids are reacting with the insulin and neutralizing it. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. One of Wei’s organs is not working well. Which of the following statements describes that organ? A.Her pancreas is not making enough insulin. B.Her salivary glands are breaking down the insulin too quickly. C.Her smooth muscle tissue is not squeezing out enough insulin. D.Her stomach acids are reacting with the insulin and neutralizing it. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Carlos has learned that the urinary system is an organ system that is made up of cells, tissues, and organs. The urinary system cleans blood and removes waste from the body. Which of the following is a urinary system organ that removes wastes from blood? F.bladder G.kidney H.nephron I.ureter Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Carlos has learned that the urinary system is an organ system that is made up of cells, tissues, and organs. The urinary system cleans blood and removes waste from the body. Which of the following is a urinary system organ that removes wastes from blood? F.bladder G.kidney H.nephron I.ureter Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Jody has been running in a cross country race for the last hour. She has been sweating a lot and feels really thirsty. What has happened inside her body to make her feel thirsty? A.Her liver is breaking down fat for energy to make more water. B.Her kidneys are swelling with excess water because there is too much water. C.Her sweat contains salt that has dried her skin because there is not enough water. D.Her salivary glands are producing less saliva because the body is conserving water. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Jody has been running in a cross country race for the last hour. She has been sweating a lot and feels really thirsty. What has happened inside her body to make her feel thirsty? A.Her liver is breaking down fat for energy to make more water. B.Her kidneys are swelling with excess water because there is too much water. C.Her sweat contains salt that has dried her skin because there is not enough water. D.Her salivary glands are producing less saliva because the body is conserving water. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. For the body to remain healthy, it requires energy and must get rid of wastes. How do the urinary system and the digestive system help perform these functions? How are these two systems different from each other? Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. For the body to remain healthy, it requires energy and must get rid of wastes. How do the urinary system and the digestive system help perform these functions? How are these two systems different from each other? The digestive system provides the body with food. Both systems remove wastes from the body. These two systems differ in that the digestive system breaks down food to provide nutrition for cells in the body and excretes solid waste, whereas the urinary system simply removes wastes from blood and excretes them as a liquid. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. Jamal’s teacher has made a chart for the class describing the functions of organs of the digestive system. A section from the chart is shown below. Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. continued What information belongs in the missing cells? Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. continued What information belongs in the missing cells? 1. breaks down toxins 2. makes bile to break up fats 3. insulin Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 6. The digestive system shown in the diagram below is responsible for digesting food so that the body can absorb it. Digestion of food consists of mechanical and chemical digestion. Continued on the next slide Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 6. Which number indicates the organ that performs most of the chemical digestion of food? F.1 G.2 H.3 I.4 Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 6. Which number indicates the organ that performs most of the chemical digestion of food? F.1 G.2 H.3 I.4 Chapter 7 Standardized Test Preparation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 7 Section 1 The Digestive System

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 7 Section 1 The Digestive System