SEMESTER 1 UNIT OBJECTIVES Mrs. Francini ACP Biology

CHAPTER 1 Define biology. Identify the organizational levels of life. Describe the characteristics of living things. Describe diversity and differentiate between the domains and kingdoms. Describe the ten unifying themes in biology.

CHAPTER 5 Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups. Relate monomers and polymers, and how they are built and broken down. Describe the structure and function of sugars and give examples. Describe the structure and function of fats. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats. List functions of proteins. Give an example of a nucleic acid.

CHAPTER 5, CONTINUED Describe the structure and function of proteins. Describe factors that influence protein shape. Define denaturation. Explain how enzymes effect activation energy. Describe how an enzyme’s shape is important to its function. List several enzymes found in the body and their function.

CHAPTER 29  List and define the 4 stages of food processing.  List the 6 types of nutrients needed by the body.  Differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion.  Describe the anatomy and physiology of the following organs/structures: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.  Explain the use of enzymes in the digestive system.  Explain where different nutrients are digested and broken down.  Describe peristalsis.  Explain why the essential nutrients are needed in the diet.  Describe the purpose of the Food Guide Plate.  Describe several disorders that affect the digestive system.

CHAPTER 6  Understand the technology used to discover cells.  Describe cell theory.  Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.  Identify and describe the function of the nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, rough ER, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, mitochondria, lysosomes, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton.  Differentiate between plant and animal cells.

CHAPTER 6 CONTINUED  Understand the technology used to discover cells.  Describe cell theory.  Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.  Identify and describe the function of the nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, rough ER, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, mitochondria, lysosomes, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton.  Differentiate between plant and animal cells.

CHAPTER 7  Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs.  Define calorie and metabolism.  Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration.  Write an overall reaction equation for aerobic cell respiration.  Describe glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC in terms of reactants, products, location, and ATP production.

CHAPTER 7 CONTINUED  Explain how mitochondrial structure impacts cell respiration.  Differentiate between alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.

CHAPTER 8  Define photosynthesis.  Define producer/autotroph and give several examples.  Describe and name the parts of a chloroplast.  Differentiate between different pigments and differentiate between absorption and reflection.  Describe the parts of a leaf.  Write the overall reaction equation for photosynthesis.

CHAPTER 8 CONTINUED  Describe location, reactants, products, and process of the light reactions and Calvin cycle.  Explain the role of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis.  Describe the the C4 and CAM pathways.  Explain the use of sugars made from photosynthesis.  Describe how temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentration impact the rate of photosynthesis.  Describe how all life forms ultimately rely on the sun.

CHAPTER 9  Differentiate between sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, and binary fission.  Define and describe a chromosome and sister chromatids.  Describe the key events in cell cycle.  Describe the process of mitosis and explain why it happens.  Explain how cell cycle is controlled and describe what happens when that control is lost.  Explain the causes of cancer and describe how a mutation causes a tumor to form.

CHAPTER 9 CONTINUED  Define homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, gamete, zygote, and karyotype.  Explain the steps of meiosis and why it happens.  Define crossing over and explain how meiosis increases genetic diversity.  Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis in terms of cells produced, chromosome number, and reason for why it happens.  Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis.