Chapter 19: Domestic Policy

What is Domestic Policy? All government laws, planning and actions involving internal issues of national importance, including: Health care Poverty Crime Environment Education Immigration 2

The Policy-Making Process Agenda Building Policy Formulation Policy Adoption Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation 3

Evolution of Social Welfare Policies Most of our major federal social welfare programs were developed in the 1930s as part of the New Deal’s response to the Great Depression. A homeless Oklahoma family during the Great Depression. Library of Congress 4

Direct Federal Aid More than 80 million Americans receive direct federal aid. 5

Health Care Rising Cost of Health Care Advanced technology costly Government provides 1 in 3 Americans with health care coverage Millions still uninsured Medicare Federal health insurance for elderly and disabled Medicaid Health insurance for low-income families 6

Health Care (cont) The Uninsured The uninsured employed Shifting costs to the uninsured Will new legislation bring relief? National Health Insurance The Canadian system Health savings account (AP Photo/Rogelio Solis) 7

Almost 100 million Americans receive some coverage from government-provided health insurance. Health Care Reform 8

The Drive to Expand the Role of Government in Domestic Affairs Controversial health care reform package passes in the U.S. Senate, but legislation is not final. Air Date: 12/24/ Click the icon to open the movie Video Supplied by Motion Gallery

Video Questions 1.Why do the House and Senate versions of the health care reform bill differ? 2.Why is this legislation so controversial? 3.Which groups are most likely to support this version of health care reform? Least likely? 4.In what other areas has the role of the federal government recently expanded? 10

Click on images

Percentage of Total Net Income Spent on Health Care in the U.S. 13

Cost of Health Care in Economically Advanced Nations 15

Poverty and Welfare Income transfers Transfers of income from some individuals in the economy to other individuals Generally done by way of the government Those believing private property is preeminent right tend to oppose income equalization programs Low-income population 10% of all Americans Larger percentage of Latino and African Americans More prevalent among female-led households 16

Poverty and Welfare (cont) Basic Welfare Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) Welfare Controversies Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) Farm Subsidies Homelessness 17

The Official Number of Poor in the United States 18

Click on image for Poor in America 2010

Figure 19.2 The Feminization of Poverty 20

Figure 19.4 Poverty in the States 22

Figure 19.3 Families on Welfare,

Life Expectancy in the U.S. 25

Social Security and its Problems Aging of population Ratio of active workers to retirees is declining Presidents and Congress continue to use Social Security trust fund surpluses to offset deficits Expectation that revenues will fall below program costs as early as 2017 In 2009, Social Security taxes produced more than 35% of federal revenues 26

Social Security Solutions? Privatization of Social Security Reducing benefits Small changes Periodic increases in the share of earnings subject to tax Reducing cost of living increases Raising the retirement age 27

Immigration Continued immigration influx More than a million people a year immigrate to this country. Minority groups will constitute the “majority” of the U.S. by 2060 Positives of immigration Offsets low birthrate, aging population Provides workers in jobs Americans do not want 28

Attempts at Immigration Reform 2006 Congress initiated, but did not pass, sweeping legislation that would make all illegal immigrants in the United States felons Immigration rallies continue Controversial laws challenged in various states 29

Criminal Policy Crime in American History Crime control model: controlling crime Due process model: attaining justice Continuous tug-of-war between two models Congress taking larger role in criminal justice policy New issues: racial profiling, rendition, drugs, terrorism 30

Declining Crime Rates 31

Declining Crime Rates (cont) Declining Homicide RatesDeclining Theft Rates 32

Incarceration Rates 33 The United States has the highest incarceration rate among major world nations measured by the number of prisoners per 100,000 residents.

Incarceration Rates by Population Group Incarceration rates Per 100,000 Persons 34

Criminal Policy (cont) Federal Drug Policy Money spent on federal drug interdiction programs has not met with much success, as illegal drug consumption in the U.S. has remained steady. State and local governments have been attempting new remedies to curtail the drug problem. Confronting Terrorism Counter-terrorism strategies will necessarily be a part of federal government policy for years to come 35

Environmental Policy Environmentalism Conservation Preservation Environmentalist movement Ecology 36

Cleaning Up the Air and Water The National Environmental Policy Act Curbing Air Pollution The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1963 constitute a comprehensive policy mandating cleaner air in urban areas. Water Pollution The Clean Water Act sought to make waters safe for swimming, protect fish and wildlife, and eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the water. 37

Cost-Effective Solutions Clean Air Act of 1990 As a result of legislation, air and water pollution is down dramatically from what it was three or so decades ago. Lead content in the air is 3 percent of what it was. Sulfur dioxide is down by four-fifths. (AP Photo/Nick Ut) 38

Cleaning Up the BP Mess The Gulf Oil spill becomes a political issue for the Obama administration. Air Date: Click the icon to open the movie Video Supplied by Motion Gallery

Video Questions 1.How does the Natural Resources Defense Council hope to use the oil spill impact to further its mission? 2.Is President Obama’s political legacy at stake over this issue? Does this event affect domestic energy and environmental policy? 3.What has changed during the lengthy clean- up process? Has the blame shifted from BP to the federal government? Why or why not? 40Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning

Other Environmental Issues The Endangered Species Act (ESA) Global Warming The Kyoto Protocol The Global Warming Debate 41

Tragedy of the Commons Increasing domestic regulation prompted by growing concerns over common resources Greater awareness, costs to community More government regulations Costs to business 42

Questions for Critical Thinking 1.Will recent legislation help protect the uninsured population from catastrophic medical costs? 2.Should Social Security be expanded or reduced in scope? Who is most likely to benefit from privatization? 3.Should illegal immigrants be included in government assistance measures? 43

Questions for Critical Thinking 4.Prison populations continue to explode. What can be done? 5.Why are environmental problems often difficult to legislate away? What are the most pressing issues in air and water quality? 6.How should this country formulate environmental policy? Who should benefit most? The least? 44

Web Links American Public Human Services Association National Conference of State Legislators Social Security Online U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 45