Cellular Reproduction

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Cell Growth and Reproduction
Advertisements

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Cell Division – Mitosis.  As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.  The cell might have difficulty supplying.
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
10.2 The Process of Cell Division
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Click on a lesson name to select. Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation.
Cellular Reproduction
Why do Cells Need to Grow? Replace old cells Replace damaged cells Make new life.
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Growth Chapter 9.
Chapter 9 Cell Reproduction. Review: What we know Cells have DNA / genetic information We pass on our info to our children All our cells contain DNA Chromosomes.
The Cell Cycle.
CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
9-2 Mitosis and cytokinesis
Chapter 9, Cellular Growth and Mitosis. WHY ARE CELLS SO SMALL? As cells get larger, their surface area to volume ratio keeps getting smaller. In other.
Do Now!! 1. What happens to your body when you get a cut? 2. Explain in your own words what happens when you get cut and the healing process.
The Cell Cycle & Mitosis
Click on a lesson name to select. Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation.
Cell Growth and Division. Why do cells divide? DNA “Overload” DNA “Overload” –Not enough information for a big cell Exchanging Materials Exchanging Materials.
Chapter 9 – Cellular Reproduction
Where were we and where are we going next? Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9.
Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division. Cell Growth Key factors of cell size –Surface area – area around the cell (plasma membrane) –Volume – space inside.
Cell Division Ch. 10. Why do cells divide? (1) Exchanging materials The larger a cell becomes, the harder it is to get enough materials and waste across.
The Cell Cycle & Mitosis Chapter – The Cell Cycle Key Concept: – Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions.
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis Objective: 5(A) Describe the stages of the cell cycle, including DNA replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell.
Cell Growth and Reproduction Chapter 9. Chapter Objective Describe the processes of cell growth and cell reproduction (SPI )
Cellular Reproduction.  As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.  The cell might have difficulty supplying.
Click on a lesson name to select. Ch.5 Cell Growth and Division 5.1 The Cell Cycle 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis 5.3 Regulation of the Cell Cycle 5.4 Asexual.
Cellular Reproduction (Eukaryotes) Biology - Chapter 9 Pages
Where were we and where are we going next? Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9.
The Cell Cycle  Remember: When cells get to large they cannot get enough nutrients into and out of the cell.  Cell division prevents the cell from becoming.
Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division. Cell Reproduction Why do cells Reproduce? To help tissues and organs grow and to replace dead or damaged cells Cells.
Click on a lesson name to select. Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation.
Cell Growth and Division Chapter 10. Why are cells so small? DNA DNA –Messages from the nucleus must be able to reach all parts of the cell Diffusion.
Why does a cell need to divide? Agenda for Thursday March 3rd 1.Go over homework 2.Mitosis All late work is due TOMORROW!! Quiz – words
Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle.
Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle.
Cell Cycle and Mitosis Where you have to Divide to Multiply.
MITOSIS. Cell Reproduction All cells come from pre-existing cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Cell division results in two identical cells.
Ch. 9 Vocabulary Advanced Biology. Cell Cycle – A cycle in which cells reproduce by growing and dividing Interphase – The stage during which the cell.
Cell Reproduction: Ch : Growth…What is it? Getting larger Making more Division/ mitosis (eukaryotes) Binary Fission (prokaryotes)-budding.
Cell Growth and Division. Why do cells divide? DNA “Overload” DNA “Overload” –Not enough information for a big cell Exchanging Materials Exchanging Materials.
Mitosis. Cell Growth There are two reasons cells divide rather than continue to grow extra large: There are two reasons cells divide rather than continue.
Do Now  If you have not already handed in your WebQuest packet, bring it to my desk.  Make sure your name is on it!
Ch 8.2 Cell Growth and Reproduction Learning about Asexual and Sexual reproduction of Cells.
Chapter 9 Page 244 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION  Cells grow until they reach their size limit, then their either stop growing or divide.  Limitation for cell.
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis.
Find your seats and take out your notebook.
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction 9.1 Cellular Growth
CELL GROWTH & DIVISION Chapter 5.
Chapter 9, Cellular Growth and Mitosis
Cellular Growth Ch 9.1.
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
Cell Structure Review. Cell Structure Review Microtubule close-up Plasma membrane microtubule microfilament.
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Cell Growth and Division
Why Must Cells Divide? Size Limitation Surface area to volume ratio
Why do cells need to divide?
Chapter 9: Cellular Reproduction
Jeopardy Final Jeopardy Interphase M Stages Structures Regulation
CELL Reproduction (Division)
Suppose that your hand was made of one cell.
Cellular Growth Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates. Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle.
Presentation transcript:

Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

Why do cells need to reproduce?

Why are cells so small?

How is the surface area represented in a cell? What is Surface Area? How is the surface area represented in a cell?

What happens when the volume of a cell increases? What is Volume? What happens when the volume of a cell increases?

Mini-Lab 9.1 Investigate Cell Size Cell Surface Area (L x W x 6) Cell Volume (L x W x H) Cell 1 0.00002 m Cell 2 0.001 m Cell 3 2.5 cm (0.025 m) Cell 4 30 cm (0.3 m) Cell 5 15 m

Cell Cell Size Cell Surface Area (L x W x 6) Cell Volume (L x W x H) SA : V Cell 1 0.00002 m 0.0000000024 0.000000000000008 300, 000 : 1 Cell 2 0.001 m 0.000006 0.000000001 6000 : 1 Cell 3 2.5 cm (0.025 m) 0.00375 0.000015625 240 : 1 Cell 4 30 cm (0.30 m) 0.54 0.027 20 : 1 Cell 5 15 m 1350 3375 1 : 2.5

Cell Cell Size Cell Surface Area (L x W x 6) Cell Volume (L x W x H) SA : V Cell 1 0.002 cm Cell 2 0.1 cm Cell 3 2.5 cm Cell 4 30 cm Cell 5 1500 cm

Cell Cell Size Cell Surface Area (L x W x 6) Cell Volume (L x W x H) SA : V Cell 1 0.002 cm 0.000024 0.000000008 3000:1 Cell 2 0.1 cm 0.06 0.001 60:1 Cell 3 2.5 cm 37.5 15.625 2.4:1 Cell 4 30 cm 5400 27000 0.2:1 Cell 5 1500 cm 13,500,000 3,375,000,000 0.004:1

Limits to Cell Size Smaller cells can better: Exchange nutrients and expel wastes across the plasma membrane. higher surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) Transport substances within the cell. diffusion motor proteins along cytoskeleton Communicate instructions for cellular functions. signal proteins

Events of the Cell Cycle During the cell cycle, the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and divides into two daughter cells. DNA synthesis takes place during the S phase. Cell division takes place during the M phase. G1 and G2 are gap phases.

The Cell Cycle The entire process of growing and dividing Repeated continuously Creates two cells from one cell Normal animal cells – takes 12-24 hours 3 main stages: Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Cycle Interphase Includes G1, S, G2 Followed by Cell Division Includes Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Interphase Period of time during which the cell, 3 parts (substages) grows and develops, carries out cellular functions, and makes copies of its DNA in preparation for cell division 3 parts (substages) G1 – Gap 1 S – Synthesis G2 – Gap 2

Stages of Interphase Gap 1 (G1) Immediately after cell divides Cell is growing and carrying out normal functions Cell is preparing to replicate DNA Synthesis Phase (S) Cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division Gap 2 (G2) Cell prepares for division of its nucleus Makes proteins needed for cell division

Cell Division When a cell reaches its maximum size, the nucleus initiates cell division. Cell division – the splitting of a single cell into two cells. ‘Big Bang’ by M. Ormestad ©2006 All rights reserved

Cell Division Cells divide so that an organism… can grow. increases mass of organism changes organism - differentiation can repair damaged cells and tissues. regeneration maintenance can reproduce.

Mitosis (Cell Division) Stage of cell cycle where the nucleus divides Includes four stages: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Cytokinesis (Cell Division) Process where the cell’s cytoplasm divides and creates a new cell

Chapter 9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis & Cytokinesis Mitosis Cytokinesis the cell’s nuclear material divides 4 parts (substages) Cytokinesis the cell cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells

Genetic Material in the Cell Question 1: In what stage of the cell cycle is the DNA copied? Answer 1: Synthesis Question 2: Why is this important? Answer 2: It prepares the cell for cell division Question 3: How is DNA organized in a cell? Hint: Answer: Chromosomes

Chromosomes Structures that contain the genetic material of an organism Only visible during mitosis Formed when chromatin is wound tightly around proteins

The DNA strands wraps around proteins called histones The continue to wrap around forming nucleosomes

For most of the cell’s life, the DNA is contained in the chromatin state In cell division, chromatin organizes into distinct chromosomes structures Chromosome Formation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbSIBhFwQ4s

Chromosome Structure

Centromere Sister chromatids Structure where the sister chromatids are attached Sister chromatids Identical copies Copies created during synthesis of interphase Attached at beginning of mitosis

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Human cell undergoing cytokinesis from M. Pines, Inside the Cell: The New Frontier of Medical Science. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1978.

Prophase 1st stage longest Chromatin condenses into chromsomes Nuclear membrane disintegrates Nucleolus disappears Chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus

End of Prophase Spindle apparatus forms Spindle fibers Centrioles Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers

Metaphase 2nd stage shortest sister chromatids pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell line up along the middle, or equator

Anaphase 3rd stage sister chromatids are pulled apart spindle shorten separates chromatids into two identical sets

Telophase 4th & last stage “opposite of prophase” Chromosomes arrive at poles of spindle apparatus decondense Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform Spindle apparatus is broken down or recycled May occur simultaneously with cytokinesis

Another Look at Mitosis

Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells Animal cells microfilaments constrict cell membrane pinches cell in two Plant cells construct a cell plate new cell wall forms on either side of cell plate Prokaryotic cells DNA copies attach to plasma membrane plasma membrane grows and pulls DNA copies apart cell membrane pinches into two cells

Mitosis in Motion http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/navigator.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/ mitosis.html

Chapter 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Normal Cell Cycle In eukaryotic cells, cell division driven by A protein cyclin binding to an enzyme cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

Normal Cell Cycle Different cyclin/CDK combinations control different activities in the cell cycle: Signals the start of the cell cycle during G1 Signals DNA replication Signals protein synthesis Signals nuclear division Signals the end of the cell cycle

Normal Cell Cycle The cell cycle also has checkpoints to monitor the cycle and stop it if something goes wrong

Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth that occurs when there is a failure in the regulation of the cell cycle Cancer cells crowd out other normal cells and can intrude other organs; may lead to death of the organism from loss of tissue

Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer Cancer cells occur when mutations takes place in segments of DNA Mutation cause changes in the productions of proteins, including cyclins Substances that cause cancer are carcinogens

Apoptosis Normal, Programmed cell death Occurs in cells that are damaged beyond repair Can help protect cells from cancer

Stem Cells Cells are designed for specialized functions Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells Two types of stem cells: Embryonic Adult

Stem Cells The Nature of Stem Cells Go, Go Stem Cells http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/scintro/ Go, Go Stem Cells http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/sctypes/