U.S. History I Topic 11.3 “Striving for Equality” From Left: Anti-Catholic Cartoon, Anti-Jewish Announcement, and Anti-Immigrant Cartoon

Progressivism Creates Contradictions Americanization: Task of making immigrants act “like Americans” Americanization: Task of making immigrants act “like Americans” Make immigrants “loyal” to United States Make immigrants “loyal” to United States Many progressives still were “racist” against non-whites or native born people Many progressives still were “racist” against non-whites or native born people Plessy v. Ferguson: “Separate but Equal” case. Legalized racial segregation (Jim Crow) Plessy v. Ferguson: “Separate but Equal” case. Legalized racial segregation (Jim Crow)

African Americans Demand Reform Booker T. Washington (Left) Booker T. Washington (Left) Move slowly progress Move slowly progress Focus on education Focus on education Would eventually be accepted by society Would eventually be accepted by society “Atlanta Compromise” “Atlanta Compromise” W.E.B. Dubois (Right) Demanded immediate rights Niagra Movement: 1905 African Americans should be taught: History, Literature, and Philosophy…not just trade skills. So blacks can “think for themselves”

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People “Physically free from Peonage (Forced-low- paid Labor), mentally free from ignorance, politically free from disfranchisement, and socially free from insult.” “Physically free from Peonage (Forced-low- paid Labor), mentally free from ignorance, politically free from disfranchisement, and socially free from insult.” Formed after a lynch mob riot in Springfield, IL in 1908 Formed after a lynch mob riot in Springfield, IL in 1908 Leadership featured both black AND white progressives Leadership featured both black AND white progressives Urban League: Focused on poor city workers Urban League: Focused on poor city workers

Reducing Prejudice and Protecting Rights Anti-Defamation League: Formed by Jewish immigrants who were mistreated Anti-Defamation League: Formed by Jewish immigrants who were mistreated Mutualistas: Mexican American groups that gave loans and legal assistance to Mexican Immigrants/Citizens Mutualistas: Mexican American groups that gave loans and legal assistance to Mexican Immigrants/Citizens Dawes Act: Broke up Native American Reservations Dawes Act: Broke up Native American Reservations American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924: Native Americans officially recognized as U.S. Citizens American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924: Native Americans officially recognized as U.S. Citizens Carlos Montezuma: Fought to preserve Native American Culture Carlos Montezuma: Fought to preserve Native American Culture Takao Ozawa: Fought for Asian American Rights Takao Ozawa: Fought for Asian American Rights

U.S. History Topic 11.4 “Reformers in the White House” Booker T. Washington at White House Dinner

Roosevelt Shapes the Modern Presidency Theodore Roosevelt: 1901: Became President after William McKinley Assasinated (Leon Czolgocz) Theodore Roosevelt: 1901: Became President after William McKinley Assasinated (Leon Czolgocz) Square Deal: TR’s Program: Keep the wealthy from taking advantage of the rest Square Deal: TR’s Program: Keep the wealthy from taking advantage of the rest -Did not believe in helping the lazy or making everyone rich -Did not believe in helping the lazy or making everyone rich “Every man shall have a square deal…no less…no more” “Every man shall have a square deal…no less…no more”

Trustbusting and Regulating Industry Roosevelt changed the way that Government dealt with business disputes Roosevelt changed the way that Government dealt with business disputes 1902: Coal Miners Strike: TR Threatened to send troops in if strike not over quickly 1902: Coal Miners Strike: TR Threatened to send troops in if strike not over quickly Hepburn Act: Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Hepburn Act: Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) 1904: Northern Securities v. U.S. : Case ruled the big railroad company an “illegal” trust 1904: Northern Securities v. U.S. : Case ruled the big railroad company an “illegal” trust TR became known as a “Trustbuster” TR became known as a “Trustbuster” *He did not mind “Good Trusts” (Fair) only disliked “Bad Trusts” (Unfair) *He did not mind “Good Trusts” (Fair) only disliked “Bad Trusts” (Unfair)

Regulating Food and Drug Industries 1906: Upton Sinclair wrote: The Jungle 1906: Upton Sinclair wrote: The Jungle Meat Inspection Act: Gov’t began to inspect meat Meat Inspection Act: Gov’t began to inspect meat Pure Food and Drug Act (FDA): Banned impure food and “dishonest” medicine claims (Snake Oil Salesmen) Pure Food and Drug Act (FDA): Banned impure food and “dishonest” medicine claims (Snake Oil Salesmen)

Government Manages the Environment 1872: Yellowstone National Park Formed 1890: Yosemite National Park John Muir: Helped found Yosemite Nat’l. Park Preserve: To leave “unused” Conserve: “Use-smart” Gifford Pinchot: Protect “some” land and use others. Then, protect “used” land and use “protected” land (Recycle) National Reclamation Act: Gov’t Decides how water is used (Dams…etc.)

A New Direction in Politics Roosevelt steps down after serving two terms Roosevelt steps down after serving two terms William Howard Taft: Backed by TR and won Presidency William Howard Taft: Backed by TR and won Presidency Payne-Aldrich Tariff: Showed Taft’s weak “political” leadership Payne-Aldrich Tariff: Showed Taft’s weak “political” leadership Taft hated ALL trusts and busted more than Roosevelt Taft hated ALL trusts and busted more than Roosevelt 1911: Standard Oil “Busted” 1911: Standard Oil “Busted” Supported: “Rule of Reason” Large Monopolies ok as long as they do not try to drive out competition (I call it the “NIPSCO” rule) Supported: “Rule of Reason” Large Monopolies ok as long as they do not try to drive out competition (I call it the “NIPSCO” rule)

Roosevelt Strikes Back Taft: Fired Pinchot Taft: Fired Pinchot Roosevelt: Angry…ran against Taft Roosevelt: Angry…ran against Taft New Nationalism: Business should serve country as well as self. Efficiency is key. New Nationalism: Business should serve country as well as self. Efficiency is key. ELECTION of 1912 ELECTION of 1912 Taft: Republican Taft: Republican Roosevelt: Progressive: “Bull-Moose” Party Roosevelt: Progressive: “Bull-Moose” Party *Republican Party Split *Republican Party Split *Democrat Woodrow Wilson Won Election *Democrat Woodrow Wilson Won Election

U.S. History I Wilson Endorses Further Regulation

Election of 1912

Wilson’s New Freedom New Freedom: Prevent “strong from crushing weak” …But retain personal freedom from gov’t. New Freedom: Prevent “strong from crushing weak” …But retain personal freedom from gov’t. Lowered Tariffs Lowered Tariffs Sixteenth Amendment: Income Tax Amendment Sixteenth Amendment: Income Tax Amendment Federal Reserve Act: Strengthened money supply Federal Reserve Act: Strengthened money supply Federal Trade Commission (FTC)-Looked out for false advertising or improper labeling (Watchdog) Federal Trade Commission (FTC)-Looked out for false advertising or improper labeling (Watchdog) Clayton Anti-trust Act: Strengthened anti-trust laws Clayton Anti-trust Act: Strengthened anti-trust laws Workingman’s Compensation Act 1916: Temporary help for disabled workers Workingman’s Compensation Act 1916: Temporary help for disabled workers Adamson Act: Set railroad workers day at 8HRS Adamson Act: Set railroad workers day at 8HRS

Legacy of Progressivism Pros/Cons 16 th (Income Tax), 17 th (Direct Election), 18 th (Prohibition), 19 th (Women’s Suffrage) Amendments 16 th (Income Tax), 17 th (Direct Election), 18 th (Prohibition), 19 th (Women’s Suffrage) Amendments Political Reform Political Reform Dollar Strengthened Dollar Strengthened Land Conservation Land Conservation Strong Federal Government “Levels” playing field (Business) Strong Federal Government “Levels” playing field (Business) Worker gains (Unions) Worker gains (Unions) Too much government? (Socialism) What about race issues? (One great failure) Do people “depend” on Government too much? Is it the government’s, or American people’s job? Do reforms promote “laziness” or sense of “Entitlement”