Pine Terpene Biofuels & Renewable Chemicals Jennifer Lauture, MSc Student Gary Peter, Professor School of Forest Resources & Conservation Alan Hodges, Extension Specialist, Food & Resource Economics

Biofuels & Co-products 1st GENERATION BIOFUELS 2nd GENERATION BIOFUELS Extraction Deconstruction Sugar Ferment to EtOH Starch Amylase + ferment to EtOH Oil, animal feed Oil Transesterification to biodiesel Glycerin Lignocellulose Sugar Platform Size reduction + degradation + fermentation Power, lignin Gas Platform Anaerobic digestion to biogas Gasification + catalytic synthesis to liquid fuel Power Liquid Platform Cracking / pyrolysis + upgrading Come from domesticated plants breed & selected for concentration & yield of edible food molecules Non-edible parts of food plants & undomesticated grasses & trees which have high heterogeneity & low chemical uniformity

Southern Pines: The Renewable Chemicals, Biofuels & Bioenergy Star SUSTAINABLE BIOLOGICALLY FEASIBLE Growth exceeds removals High harvest index, energy positive, carbon negative due to low inputs Largest biomass supply chain in the world serves large markets for “traditional” lignocellulose products High value markets for mono- and diterpenes collected as co-products Pinene can be converted to JP-8 & JP-10 jet fuels Wood & wood pellets for electricity Lignocellulose biofuels from pine being commercialized? Grows on land not suitable for food production Year long carbon accumulation Established growing systems based on robust empirical knowledge Early stages of domestication 3rd generation of breeding Genetic engineering & clonal propagation methods developed Naturally synthesizes & stores lipids & terpenes in wood Inducible synthesis of terpenes in wood Wood terpene content as high as 40% of wood dry weight

Wood Turpentine& Rosin Pine Terpenes Pines naturally synthesize a diversity of terpenes as defense compounds Terpenes accumulate in naturally to >20% in heartwood Constitutive synthesis Inducible synthesis Pinene dimers meet most specs for jet fuel Pine Chemicals is a $3 Billion/Y Global Business Pine Specialty Resins Pulp mill Biosynthesis Extraction Crude Products Final Products Specialty Chemicals Gum Turpentine & Rosin CTO & CST Industrial Biofuels Flavors & Fragrances Live Tree Wood Turpentine& Rosin 850,000 Mg/y 450,000 Mg/y 5,000 Mg/y

FDACS Office of Energy Award: Develop Cost Effective Tree Tapping Methods Tree size & health with stimulators Age Stand treatment history Thinning Fertilization Pinestraw raking Inducers Methyl jasmonate Ethephon MeJ + Ethephon In-tree injection post tapping Second year tapping of MeJ treated trees Experimental design detects interactions between stand and tree features with inducers Test ARA (Applied Research Associates) hydrotreating method Target is < $800/ton J. Lauture