MED-CSP Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region WP0: Introduction WP1: Sustainability Goals WP2: Renewable Energy Technologies WP3: Renewable Energy Resources WP4: Demand Side Analysis WP5: Scenario & Market Strategies WP6: Socio-Economical Impacts WP7: Environmental Impacts

Portfolio of Technologies for the MED-CSP Scenario Wind Power: Wind power can be generated in distributed wind plants of up to 5 MW capacity each, or in large wind parks interconnecting tens or even hundreds of such plants. There are onshore and offshore wind parks, build into the sea where it is not deeper than 40 m. Photovoltaic : PV systems are typically used for distributed or remote power systems with or without connection to the utility grid. Their capacity ranges from a few Watt to several MW. There are also scenarios for very large pv systems up to 1.5 GW each to be build in desert areas until Both options have been included in the MED-CSP scenario. Geothermal Hot Dry Rock: Geothermal heat of over 200 °C can be delivered from up to 5000 m deep holes to operate organic Rankine cycles or Kalina cycle power machines. Unit sizes are limited to about 100 MW maximum. Biomass Power Generation: Biogas from municipal waste or solid biomass from agricultural or municipal residues and from wood can be used for electricity generation. Their size is usually below 25 MW each. Hydropower: Hydropower is already applied in many MENA countries. It ranges from large multi-Megawatt dams like Aswan to micro-hydropower schemes of several kW capacity. Solar Thermal Electricity: Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) stations are steam cycle, gas turbine or combined cycle power stations fired with high temperature, concentrated solar energy. Their thermal storage capability and hybrid operation with fuels allows them to provide power on demand. Solar chimneys are also considered as solar thermal power plants, though not concentrating. CSP plants can be build from several kW to several 100 MW capacity. CSP can be used for co-generation of electricity and heat. Oil and Gas fired Power Plants: Oil and gas can be used in steam cycle, gas turbine or combined cycle power plants. All thermal plants can be used for co-generation of electricity and heat. They are build in all capacity classes from several kW to several 100 MW. Coal Steam Plants Only a few countries in MENA use coal fired steam cycles. Coal must be imported. Capacities range from some 10 to several 100 MW. Nuclear Fission and Fusion Nuclear plants use nuclear fission processes to generate steam for steam turbines. There is intensive research on nuclear fusion aiming at providing first results in terms of a first power plant in the year 2050 or beyond. Projected units sizes are in the GW capacity range.

Renewable Energy for Power Generation Wind Power (Enercon) Hydropower (Tauernkraft) Solar Chimney (SBP) Photovoltaic (NREL) Hot Dry Rock (Stadtwerke Urach) Biomass Power (NREL)

Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Technologies parabolic trough (PSA) solar tower (SNL) linear Fresnel (Solarmundo) parabolic dish (SBP)

World Wide CSP Projects

Portfolio of Applications Electricity Generation: All the technologies investigated within this study can be used for electricity generation. Only biomass, hydropower, geothermal power, solar thermal and conventional power plants can deliver electricity on demand. Co-Generation of Electricity and Heat: All thermo-electric systems like biomass, geothermal, solar thermal and conventional plants can be used for co-generation of electricity and heat. Seawater Desalination: Electricity can be used for seawater desalination by reverse osmosis, while co-generated heat can be applied to multi-effect, vapor compression and multi-stage flash thermal desalination plants. Also combinations are possible. Thermal seawater uses input steam with a temperature range between 70 – 110 °C. Cooling: Electricity can be used directly in conventional mechanical compression chillers for cooling and refrigeration. Co-generated heat can be applied to drive vapor absorption chillers. Vapor compression chillers use input steam with a temperature range between 120 – 180 °C. Industrial Process Heat: Industrial process heat in form of steam or hot air in the temperature range of °C can be delivered by all systems that are capable of co- generation except geothermal power systems that are restricted to temperatures below 100 °C. Integrated Systems and Multipurpose Plants: The collectors of some CSP systems provide shaded areas that could be used for purposes like greenhouse, parking etc. Integrated systems that use power, desalted water and shade for generating a new environment for farming in desert regions could become feasible in the future as countermeasure to desertification and loss of arable land. This requires more investigation on the possibilities and restrictions of such systems.

CSP Applications – Solar or Hybrid Electricity and Combined Heat & Power Fuel Power Cycle Concentrating Solar Collector Field Solar Heat Thermal Energy Storage Process Heat solar electricity integrated fossil fuel backup capacity, power on demand increased solar operating hours, reduced fuel input additional process heat for cooling, drying, seawater desalination, etc. Electricity

MULTI-STAGE-FLASH EVAPORATION (MSF) MULTI-EFFECT EVAPORATION (MED) REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) Source: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) 2002

Cooling with Heat: Vapour Absorption Chiller Cooling with Electricity: Vapour Compression Chiller

Applications of Industrial Co-generation Source: SOLGAS Study Chemical Industry Food & Tobacco Textile Industry Wood Industry Pulp & Paper Industry

Parking Greenhouse Market Exhibitions etc. Shaded space underneath Fresnel and MTSA collector fields Animation: Phillip Schramek Photo: Solarmundo

Energy production above and biomass production below a linear Fresnel collector field in a CSP multipurpose plant Photos: Solarmundo Greenhouse Visualization: Regina Wilde

Multipurpose plant for the development of arid regions