Chapter 4: Review

Civil Liberties The Bill of Rights protects Americans civil liberties Freedom to think and act without government interference

Petition How we express ideas to the government If you have an idea or complaint you can write a letter to your Representative

Fourth Amendment Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures No soldier, government agent, or police officer can search your home without cause.

Double Jeopardy Person found not guilty cannot be retried for the same crime

Sixth Amendment Gives right to hire attorneys Gives additional due process rights to people accused of crimes Speedy, public trial

Bail A sum of money used as a security deposit Allows one to remain free until trial

Segregation Social separation of the races African-Americans had to sit in back of buses, sit in different sections of restaurants

Discrimination Unfair treatment based on prejudice "Jim Crow" laws required African- American and whites to be separated in most public places

Dr. Martin King, Jr. Main leader of the Civil Rights Movement Non-violence resistance Believed in peaceful protests

Affirmative Action Encouraged the hiring and promoting of minorities In fields that were previously closed to them Try to make up for past discrimination

Chapter 5 Review

Voting How Americans give consent to the government By electing political leaders and voting for or against proposed measures

Vandalism Failure to respect the rights and property of others More than disrespect, this act is a CRIME!

Active Participants Taking an active role in the community Communities and governments need people to be involved in order to work

Equality Equal treatment under the law There are no degrees of American citizenship; meaning that everyone is treated equally

Chapter 6: Review

Senators Elected by the citizens in their states

Speaker of the House The leader of the House of Representatives Most powerful member of the House

President pro tempore Acts as chairperson of Senate Not as powerful as the Speaker of the House

Chapter 8: Review

Ninth Circuit Judicial circuit that includes the west coast The United States is divided into 12 judicial circuits

Jurisdiction Court's authority to hear and decide cases The Supreme Court has jurisdiction in cases involving the Constitution Violations of federal laws Controversies between states And others

Appeals Reviews decisions made in lower courts People who lose a case can appeal to a higher court

Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court claimed the power of judicial review Helped make the judicial branch equal to the executive and legislative branches

Judicial Review Supreme Court decides if a law is constitutional or not Established by Marbury v. Madison

Chapter 12:Review

Federal System (Federalism) Central and state governments share power The United States is a federal system. Alabamians are governed by the U.S. Constitution and the Alabama State Constitution

Grants-in-aid Helps states pay for programs States must contribute some of their own money, and follow the rules set by Congress in order to receive these grants

Chapter 13: Review

States Constitutions Usually sets out the powers and duties of local governments Regulates the way local governments state and local governments can raise and spend money

Parole Early release from prison

Secretary of State State cabinet members vary among the states Most Secretary of State manages elections and keeps state's records

Commute A governor can reduce a criminal's sentence by issuing a commute

Home Rule Allows cities to write their own charters and manage their own affairs

County Largest territorial and political subdivision of a state

Town Meetings Mostly used in the New England states Form of direct democracy

Chapter 27: Review

Human Rights Fundamental rights that belong to everyone Include freedom form illegal imprisonment and torture

Absolute Monarchs Hereditary rulers with unlimited authority Ruled as they wish

Totalitarian Government's control extends to almost all aspects of daily life Ban political opposition, regulate what farms and industries produce Suppress civil liberties

Republic Representative government in which no leaders inherit office Voters hold sovereign power Representative democracy, republic, and constitutional republic= United States

Constitutional Monarchy Power of the ruler is limited by a constitution and laws

Tradition and Customs Great Britain's Constitution is based on four elements 1.Magna Carta 2.Bill of Rights 3.Laws and court decisions 4.Traditions and customs- most influenced by the people

Parliamentary Great Britain's contribution to the world was the development of the parliamentary system Modeled by Britain, most democratic countries follow this system of government

Authoritarian Governments Opposite of Democratic governments Power is held by an individual or group not accountable to the people