CHAPTER 17 An Economy Transformed: The Rise of Big Business, Web

Railroads and a “Locomotive People” Federal and state aid and a standard gauge contribute to national rail network Railroads become first big business and stimulate economy Trunk and feeder lines Rail tycoons and politics mix Cornelius Vanderbilt, Collis Huntington and Jay Gould Regulation is debated Munn v. Illinois Interstate Commerce Act establishes first national commission

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Railroad Expansion,

Time Zones Established by the Railroads, 1883 ©2002 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Big Business Arrives John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil By the 1870s, controlled 90% of U.S. oil refining Horizontal integration “Holding company” Andrew Carnegie and Carnegie Steel Bessemer process Vertical integration Pace of inventions quickens Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Alva Edison Mechanized labor becomes more tedious

Andrew Carnegie

Edison Listening to Stenograph

Big Business Arrives (cont.’d) Unionization is attempted Knights of Labor opens doors to more workers Haymarket Affair American Federation of Labor lasts longer Samuel Gompers Social Darwinism, or “survival of the fittest,” enjoys brief heyday in business Herbert Spencer Horatio Alger Henry George Lester Frank Ward

The Changing West Indian Resistance sporadic by end of 1800s Battle of Little Big Horn Chief Joseph Geronimo Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 Mining draws many to West Cattle ranching transforms Great Plains Homestead Act of 1862 Desert Lands Act (1877) Timber and Stone Act (1878) Western territories become states

Mining and Cattle Frontiers, 1870s

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The New South? Redeemers in South celebrate end of Reconstruction and attempt to rebuild region Sharecropping allows agriculture to continue in South but benefits few Southerners feel as if treated like colonies of North Quasi-slavery keeps blacks “in place” with restrictive laws Civil Rights Act of 1875 Booker T. Washington Tuskegee Institute of Alabama

Life and Culture During the 1880s Americans work hard and eat well when possible John Pemberton Electricity changes American lifestyle Leisure time increases and becomes varied P.T. Barnum and Buffalo Bill National League founded 1876

Political America, Politics becomes form of entertainment Rutherford B. Hayes James Garfield Chester A Arthur Pendleton Act brings civil service reform Grover Cleveland

Election of 1884 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Web

Discussion Questions What was the Interstate Commerce Act? What aspects of American society had changed to make such legislation necessary? What role did business tycoons like Rockefeller and Carnegie play in the industrialization of America? What benefits did industrial growth bring to the United States? Did these benefits apply to the entire nation? Compare the administrations of Chester Arthur to Grover Cleveland. What were their successes and failures?