CHEMISTRY & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY STUDY GUIDE

Define “Chemistry” science that deals with the composition & properties of matter & the way that matter reacts with each other Define “element” matter consisting of only 1 kind of atom Define “chemical symbol” abbreviation for the element name Matter= mass- quantity or amount of an object volume-space an object takes up

Write the chemical symbol for the following elements: *Carbon____ *Hydrogen _____ *Oxygen_____ *Nitrogen_____ *Phosphorous_____ *Potassium_____ *Sodium_____ *Chlorine_____ *Calcium_____ *Magnesium_____

Write the chemical symbol for the following elements: *Carbon C *Hydrogen H *Oxygen O *Nitrogen N *Phosphorous P *Potassium K *Sodium Na *Chlorine Cl *Calcium Ca *Magnesium Mg

Define “chemical reaction” Define “chemical reaction”. A combination of atoms that occurs so greater stability occurs. Atoms will gain/lose/or share electrons for the purpose of achieving stability. Explain the following chemical reactions: H2 + O2 H2O the reactants are ____________ the product is _______________

EXPLAIN 6CO2 + 6H20 →C6H12O6 + 6O2 light The reactants are _______________ The products are________________ Define “compound”. Matter composed of 2 or more types of elements—ionic bond Define “molecule”. Matter composed of 2 or more atoms of elements—covalent bond. The smallest part of a compound where atoms are bonded covalently Salt has a chemical formula that is NaCl; is salt an element? Explain. An element is 1 kind of atom Na & Cl are 2 different elements

Chemical reactions that RELEASE energy are called exothermic. Write the chemical formula for the following compounds (abbreviation for a compound): Water ___________________ Glucose__________________ Carbon dioxide_____________ Chemical reactions that RELEASE energy are called exothermic. Chemical reactions that REQUIRE energy are called endothermic. The Chemistry of LIVING things is called organic chemistry.

Types of Chemistry Organic— compounds contain the element Carbon except for the compound CO2. Inorganic—compounds that DO NOT contain the element Carbon.

The 4 most abundant ELEMENTS in living things are C, H, O, and N. The most abundant ELEMENT in living things is Carbon. The most abundant COMPOUND in living things is H2O.

Types of MIXTURES—define a. Solution: homogeneous-best mixed- uniform in color; transparent b. Suspension: heterogeneous- most particles settle out upon standing; not evenly mixed c. Colloid: homogeneous mixture-always cloudy; particles never settle out; can’t see light through it Draw the particle size for: Solution Colloid Suspension

Determine the type of MIXTURE for each of the following: Dirt in water__________ Sugar dissolved in hot tea____________ Egg white____________ Fog_______________ Salad dressing___________ Orange juice with pulp_________ Milk (homogenized)__________ Blood____________&______________ explain Guntersville lake___________&___________explain

Determine the type of MIXTURE for each of the following: Dirt in water-suspension Sugar dissolved in hot tea-solution Egg white-colloid Fog-colloid Salad dressing-suspension Orange juice with pulp-suspension Milk (homogenized)-colloid Blood-solution&-suspension explain: food dissolved in blood blood & plasma Guntersville lake-solution & suspension explain: oxygen dissolved dirt suspended

Parts of a solution *solute: part that is dissolved (usually a solid) *solvent: part that does the dissolving (usually a liquid) A solution may become SUPERSATURATED. Explain. Sponge- ground after heavy rain-there is too much solute for the solvent-it is impossible for the solution to remain homogeneous-some solute will settle out.

For the following SOLUTIONS, indicate the part that is the solute and the part that is the solvent: Coffee granules in water: coffee is the solute; Water is the solvent Fingernail polish remover dissolves fingernail polish: Fingernail polish remover is the solvent; fingernail polish is the solute. Gojo hand cleaner dissolves grease on our hands: Gojo is the solvent; grease is the solute. Ammonium hydroxide in water: Ammonium hydroxide is the solute; water is the solvent 30 ml of 95% alcohol dissolves 0.3 g of methylene blue dye: 95% alcohol is the solvent; methylene blue dye is the solute.

Water is called the UNIVERSAL SOLVENT. Types of SOLUTIONS: *Acid-define: has more H+ than OH- *Base-define: has more OH- than H+ *Neutral-define: has = OH- and H+ H+ is called hydrogen ion; OH- is called hydroxide ion Determine whether the following solutions are ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL HCLH+ + Cl- NaOHNa+ + OH- H2OH+ + OH- KOH K+ + OH- NH3 H+ + NO3 Determine whether the following solutions are ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL based on observable characteristics: (Acids=sour; base=bitter/slick) Aspirin acid Soap base Lemon juice acid Milk neutral

When a strong acid and a strong base are mixed, a neutral material is formed in what is called a neutralization reaction. The pH scale measures the relative concentration of H+ and OH- in a material (its strength as an ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL material.) A pH value of LESS than 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL A pH value of MORE than 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL A pH value of 7 indicates the material is a/n ACID BASE NEUTRAL Most CELLS have a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5

Determine whether the following pH is a strong Acid/ weak Acid/ strong Base/ weak Base/ Neutral material: pH=2.3 strong acid pH=7 neutral pH=13.4 strong base pH=8.2 weak base pH=6.1 weak acid

Determine whether the following is an ACID/BASE/NEUTRAL material: Blue Litmus paper and Red Litmus paper end up RED after they are placed in a solution acid Blue Litmus paper and Red Litmus paper end up BLUE after they are placed in a solution base Blue Litmus paper stays BLUE and Red Litmus paper stays RED after they are placed in solution neutral