Section 3.1 Properties of Matter Identify the characteristics of a substance. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties. Differentiate among the physical states of matter. density: a ratio that compares the mass of an object to its volume Section 3-1

Section 3.1 Properties of Matter (cont.) states of matter solid liquid gas vapor physical property extensive property intensive property chemical property Most common substances exist as solids, liquids, and gases, which have diverse physical and chemical properties. Section 3-1

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Substances Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter with a uniform and unchanging composition is called a ________________. Section 3-1

States of Matter The physical forms of matter, either solid, liquid, or gas, are called the ___________________________ __________________are a form of matter that have their own definite shape and volume. __________________are a form of matter that have a definite volume but take the shape of the container. Section 3-1

States of Matter (cont.) _______________ have no definite shape or volume. They expand to fill their container. _______________ refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature. Section 3-1

Plasma: electrically charged gas

Physical Properties of Matter A _______________ property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample’s composition. Examples: Section 3-1

Physical Properties of Matter (cont.) ___________________________are dependent on the amount of substance present, such as mass, length, or volume. Examples: ___________________________are independent of the amount of substance present, such as density. Examples: Section 3-1

Chemical Properties of Matter The ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances is called a ___________________________. Identity of the substance changes Iron forming rust Copper turning green in the air Section 3-1

Observing Properties of Matter A substance can change form an important concept in chemistry. Some changes are chemical, some are physical Section 3-1

Important Note: Chemical properties can change with specific environmental conditions, such as temperature and pressure. ie: gasoline becomes explosive at higher temperatures

Section 3.2 Changes in Matter Define physical change and list several common physical changes. Define chemical change and list several indications that a chemical change has taken place. Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical reactions. observation: orderly, direct information gathering about a phenomenon Section 3-2

Section 3.2 Changes in Matter (cont.) physical change phase change chemical change law of conservation of mass Matter can undergo physical and chemical changes. Section 3-2

Physical Changes A change that alters a substance without changing its composition is known as a ___________________. A _____________________is a transition of matter from one state to another. Boiling, freezing, melting, and condensing all describe phase changes in chemistry. Section 3-2

Chemical Changes A change that involves one or more substances turning into new substances is called a ___________________ Decomposing, rusting, exploding, burning, or oxidizing are all terms that describe chemical changes. Section 3-2

The mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products. Conservation of Mass The Law of ________________________ states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in physical or chemical changes: it is always conserved. The mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products. Reactants: What chemicals you start with Products: What chemicals you end with massreactants = massproducts Section 3-2

Law of Conservation of Mass Where does the mass of the wood go?

Section 3.3 Mixtures of Matter Contrast mixtures and substances. Classify mixtures as homogeneous or heterogeneous. List and describe several techniques used to separate mixtures. substance: a form of matter that has a uniform and unchanging composition; also known as a pure substance Section 3-3

Section 3.3 Mixtures of Matter (cont.) heterogeneous mixture homogeneous mixture solution filtration distillation crystallization sublimation chromatography Most everyday matter occurs as mixtures—combinations of two or more substances. Section 3-3

Homogeneous mixtures are also called ___________________. A ___________________is a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties. A _____________________is a mixture where the composition is constant throughout. Homogeneous mixtures are also called ___________________. Examples: Section 3-3

Mixtures (cont.) A _________________________________is a mixture where the individual substances remain distinct. Example Section 3-3

Separating Mixtures _________________________is a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture. Sometimes we use centrifugation to help separate the parts of a mixture before filtration Section 3-3

Separating Mixtures (cont.) ___________________is a separation technique for homogeneous mixtures that is based on the differences in boiling points of substances. ___________________ is a separation technique for homogenous mixtures that results in the formation of pure solid particles from a solution containing the dissolved substance.

Separating Mixtures (cont.) _______________________ is the process of a solid changing directly to a gas, which can be used to separate mixtures of solids when one sublimates and the other does not. ________________________ is a technique that separates the components of a mixture on the basis of tendency of each to travel across the surface of another material. Section 3-3

Section 3.4 Elements and Compounds Distinguish between elements and compounds. Describe the organization of elements in the periodic table. Explain how all compounds obey the laws of definite and multiple proportions. proportion: the relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to quantity Section 3-4

Section 3.4 Elements and Compounds (cont.) periodic table compound law of definite proportions percent by mass law of multiple proportions A compound is a combination of two or more elements. Section 3-4

Elements An _____________ is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. 92 elements occur naturally on Earth. Each element has a unique name and a one, two, or three-letter symbol. The _________________organizes the elements into a grid of horizontal rows called periods and vertical columns called groups. Section 3-4

Most of the matter in the universe exists as compounds. A_______________is a made up of two or more elements combined chemically. Most of the matter in the universe exists as compounds. Table salt, NaCl, and water, H2O, are compounds. Section 3-4

Elements can never be separated. Compounds (cont.) Elements can never be separated. Unless you destroy the element. Compounds can be broken into components (elements or smaller combinations of elements) by chemical means. Section 3-4

Law of Definite Proportions The law of ________________________ states that a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass, no matter how large or small the sample. Section 3-4

Law of Multiple Proportions The ___________________________ states that when different compounds are formed by a combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same relative mass of the other element in whole number ratios. H2O2 and H2O Copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride Section 3-4

Law of Multiple Proportions (cont.) Section 3-4