B IO DIESEL AND MEANS OF PRODUCTION James Kossen Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments

P ERSONAL P AGE Hi my name is James Kossen, this is my website. I have completed a chemistry degree and am currently finishing a bio- process engineering degree at Murdoch University. The topic I have chosen to investigate here is bio-diesel. This topic is of interest to me as it is a viable source of alternate fuel. Alternate fuels are receiving lots of attention recently due to decreasing oil reserves. I have a small background in bio-diesel, I gained this while doing chemical analysis on bio-diesel for Dr Karne De Boer at the algae research and development at Murdoch. The field is very interesting both in production and possibilities for use industrially and commercially. 1.Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments

P APERS F OR C OMPARISON Optimization of bio-diesel production from soybean and wastes of cooked oil: Combining dielectric microwave irradiation and a SrO catalyst. Miri Koberg, Riam Abu-Much, Aharon Gedanken Exploring a new, soluble lipase for FAMEs production in water- containing systems using crude soybean oil as a feedstock Silvia Cesarinia,b, Pilar Diaza, ∗, Per Munk Nielsenb 1.Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments

E XECUTIVE S UMMARY Biodiesel production can occur under many different conditions using various oils as starting products. The main variable altered to maximize efficiency and yield is the catalyst used. The two catalysts used in the papers examined were a water soluble biocatalyst and a chemical catalyst and microwave irradiation. These two methods provide significant results in regards to yield and conversion rate, however the biocatalyst method appears to be a more viable energy efficient process for the future. 1.Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments

B ACKGROUND ON P APERS Bio-Diesel is a fuel source that is created by a transesterification of an oil. This is usually done via methanol and some form of catalyst to speed the reaction. The catalyst in the reaction is the component that must be developed in order to maximise the efficiency of the reaction, in order to make bio- diesel a viable fuel source for the future. 1.Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments

C OMPARISON OF PAPERS -S IMILARITIES Both papers report high yields of Bio-Diesel from soybean oil and the chemical catalyst method also used cooked oil. Both papers test a variety of parameters. Biocatalyst - tests water concentration Chemical catalyst – mass of catalyst, reaction time. 1.Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments

C OMPARISON OF P APERS -D IFFERENCES The catalyst used is the main difference between the two papers examined. One paper uses a biocatalyst in the form of a soluble lipase The other uses a chemical catalyst of SrO and microwave irradiation Free Fatty acids Biocatalyst – measured and incorporated Chemical catalyst – Removed with KOH Analysis Biocatalyst – HPLC and GC Chemical catalyst – Biodiesel done on H NMR, TLC plates, Catalyst (SrO) analysed via X-Ray diffraction The paper that uses the biocatalyst also incorporates water in the reaction, this is as the lipase is water soluble. Having any water in the chemical catalysed reaction would result in saponification occurring making the reaction less efficient. 1.Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments

C RITICAL COMMENTS The data in the paper that examines chemical catalyst is not completely linear and has an overlap. This is shown in the image in the top right. This could be an anomaly in the data but could also be due to lack of using duplicate data. The data in the Soluble lipase paper is non linear also however there is no overlap in the data points suggesting a more reliable data set. This is shown in the image to the right. The higher reliability of the data suggests that more care was taken in performing the experiment. 1.Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments

P ERSONAL C OMMENTS Both papers provide good yields of bio-diesel from an oil source. The soluble lipase method is a more complex process however may have more stability and reproducibility. The chemically catalysed reaction occurs at an incredible rate however seems less reliable in regards to yield data. Both methods could be incorporated into mass production of bio-diesel however depending on the price of the lipase and the SrO compound might not be fully cost efficient. 1.Personal PagePersonal Page 2.Papers for comparisonPapers for comparison 3.Executive SummaryExecutive Summary 4.Background on PapersBackground on Papers 5.Comparison of Papers - SimilaritiesComparison of Papers - Similarities 6.Comparison of Papers - DifferencesComparison of Papers - Differences 7.Critical commentsCritical comments 8.Personal CommentsPersonal Comments