Welcome back!

Reminders about protocol in English class: Have you been absent? It is your responsibility to Get your make up assignments from every teacher. 2. Do your make up assignments by the due date. 3. Hand in your assignments by the due date. Any assignment not turned in will become a zero in the grade book. Do you plan to be absent? It is your responsibility to Check with the office. 2. Check with EACH teacher for work to be done in advance. 3. Do your work according to the teacher’s directions. 4. Hand in assignments per the teacher’s directions. Failure to hand in your work on time will result in consequences. Mrs. W’s policy is that you may hand in late work up to two weeks after the assignments is due for 50% credit. Also, failure to check with the teacher after your absence will not excuse the work.

Welcome back! During this quarter, we will be reading To Kill a Mockingbird [TKAM] by Harper Lee. Tasks today: 1.Hand in your Huckleberry Finn book if you haven’t already. Do it now. 2.Put your themes in your portfolios. 3.Pick up a TKAM book and tell Mrs. W. the number when she asks for it. 4.Mrs. W. will hand out some papers and explain them. 5.We’ll get started with the semester!

IMAGES OF JIM CROW

The Beginnings of Slavery in the United States The Portuguese and Spanish had already brought Africans to South and Latin America. In 1619, the first Africans were brought to the colony Jamestown, Virginia by the Dutch.

Life of a Slave Most slaves had Sundays off and they went to church. Most slaves could not read or write, and it was illegal for them to learn. Slave Codes-They could not: leave their home without a pass, carry a weapon, gather in groups, own property, legally marry, defend themselves against a white person, or speak in court.

Resistance Flight-Slaves would runaway. Truancy-Flight for a short amount of time and then the slave came back. Refusal to reproduce-Women refused to have children. Covert Action-Slaves would sometimes kill animals, destroy crops, start fires, steal stuff, break tools, poison food.

Punishment Slaves were often brutally punished for misbehaving. Punishments included: whipping, branding, being sold, gagged (silence), and other torturous methods were used.

End of the Civil War and the 13 th Amendment The South lost, and the states were forced to accept the 13 th Amendment to the Constitution before they could be readmitted into the Union. 13 th Amendment-It abolished slavery in the United States. It was ratified in 1865.

Federal mandates forced state conventions to grant certain rights to blacks 1.Purchase and sell property 2.Sue and be sued 3.Enter into contracts 4.Testify in court in cases involving blacks However, each state could deny blacks 1.The right to vote 2.The right to hold public office 3.The right to serve on a jury 4.Public schools

Black Codes Legislatio n

The "Jim Crow" figure was a fixture of the minstrel shows that toured the South; a white man made up as a black man sang and mimicked stereotypical behavior in the name of comedy.

Another in a series of racist posters attacking Radical Republican exponents of black suffrage, issued during the 1866 PA gubernatorial race.

Sheet music cover illustration with caricatures of ragged African-American musicians and dancers

Sheet music cover illustration with caricatures of ragged African-American musicians and dancers

The most recognizable trademark in the world by 1900, Bull Durham tobacco ads and trading cards typically depicted caricatures of foolish looking or silly acting blacks to draw attention to its product. Each ad has a green bull somewhere in the image.

Two silly looking black hunters have all the equipment for the hunt, but no match with which to light their cigarettes. The hunters are exaggerated images of blacks trying to imitate white people at sport. Notice the trademark green bull in the background. The Bull Durham bull together with the stereotypical images of blacks were a standard part of America's popular culture at the turn of the century.

Nicodemus, Kansas, 1870s: Middle class settler's homestead.

Philadelphia, 1889: Removing an African American from a Philadelphia Railway car--after the implementation of Jim Crow, the integration imposed by Reconstruction was stripped away by new laws.

The costumes and rituals of the new Ku Klux Klan became symbols of terror in America during the first three decades of the twentieth century. (1915). The new Klan spread all over the nation with a membership numbering over three million in the 1920s.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, July 1939: "Colored" water fountains were fixtures throughout the South during the Jim Crow era.

Washington DC, Ku Klux Klan Parade

Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Lynching of Rubin Stacy for allegedly attacking a white woman

Waco, Texas

Section Hand, Alma Plantation, False River, Louisiana

Tenant farmers

Memphis, Tennesee

Durham, North Carolina

Detroit 1944: Pallbearers with casket walking in front of sign reading "here lies Jim Crow" during the NAACP Detroit branch "Parade for Victory."