Kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae

Kingdom Protista  Unicellular eukaryotes  Many are both plant- and animal- like  Examples: unicellular algae and protozoans

Algae ( Kingdom Protista )  Eukaryotic, photosynthetic (chloroplasts) and mostly aquatic  Lack true stems, leaves, roots & flowers  (some have flagella)  Simple reproductive structures  Referred to as plants

Seaweeds  Multicellular algae  Aka – macrophytes  Multicellular and complex  Often classified in the Plantae Kingdom

 Seaweeds have great economic importance around the world as a food source and in numerous products we use every day.  There are three types of seaweed  Draw Structure of seaweed and label

1. Green Algae Mostly found In inter-tidal areas and shallow bays.

2. Brown Algae  Large and complex

3. Red algae  More species than other two types combined  Some involved in coral reef formation  Can grow up to 10 feet in length

Dinoflagellates  Unicellular  2 unequal flagella  Mostly in tropical regions  Bioluminescent properties  Have an eyespot  Related to algae  Auto and heterotrophic

Pyrrophyta bloom Noctiluca will glow in The dark a greenish blue light

Bioluminescence &v=uUbIWqiynBY

Algae Blooms

 Gymnodinium or Red Tide  The bloom reduces oxygen levels causing fish kills  Gonyaulax also produces red tide causing paralytic shell-fish poisoning and contain a toxin saxotoxin which interferes with the nervous syst.  Invertebrates are not affected so how do humans contract it?

Algae Blooms  Devastated the scallop industry in eastern Long Island. This is an algal bloom of brown tide.

DIATOMS  Contain a green pigment called cholorophyll  In structures called chloroplasts  The cell walls are made of silica or glass so the cell wall is transparent to light

Cell structures of Diatoms  Cell wall pores- control what enters and exits the cell.

Cell structures of Diatoms  Cell wall pores - control what enters and exits the cell.  Endoplasmic reticulum - network of channels for transport of molecules  Ribosomes - place where proteins are made

Cell structures of Diatoms  Mitochondria - cell’s energy factory. Sugar is broken down into chemical energy, ATP.  Vacuole -storage structure in cells. Diatoms use it to store oil  What substance can eventually be produced from the diatom’s vacuoles by the gradual buildup over geologic time of diatomic sediment? Petroleum

Species  unicellular, glassy (silica shell), photosynthetic  Stores food as oil and carbohydrates  Important part of Polar water plankton

Diatom Diversity  More than 25K species  Most inhabit the cold waters of the planet.  What prevents them from sinking?  A. spines  B. oil

Asexual Reproduction  2 halves of the shell separate and each half grows another half.

Deposits of Diatomaceous Earth  Used in filtration devises  Purifying drinking water  Removing tape worms  Colon cleansing

As a Food Source  Tiny invertebrates feed on them including:  Copepods  Mussels  Clams  Oysters  scallops feature=player_embedded

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms Flagella Cloroplasts Eyespot Can ingest food Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, two Cloroplasts Eyespot Can ingest food Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone Cloroplasts Eyespot Can ingest food Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone CloroplastsYes Eyespot Can ingest food Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone CloroplastsYes Eyespot Can ingest food Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone CloroplastsYes EyespotYes Can ingest food Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone CloroplastsYes EyespotYesNo Can ingest food Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone CloroplastsYes EyespotYesNo Can ingest foodYes Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone CloroplastsYes EyespotYesNo Can ingest foodYesNo Cell wall composition

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone CloroplastsYes EyespotYesNo Can ingest foodYesNo Cell wall compositionCellulose

Compare DinoflagellatesDiatoms FlagellaYes, twonone CloroplastsYes EyespotYesNo Can ingest foodYesNo Cell wall compositionCelluloseSilica

Coccolithophores  Overlapping Calcium Carbonate platelets  Photosynthetic  Tropical/Subtropical

Protozoans  Animal-like protists  Heterotrophic  Eukaryotic  Single-celled  Microscopic

Phyto and zooplankton

Foraminiferans  Have shells made of calcium carbonate  Use pseudopodia to capture food  Most are bottom dwellers

Radiolarians  Mostly planktonic  Elaborate and delicate shells made of glass (silica)  Shells are spherical  with radiating spine  Pseudopodia are thin and needle-like

Radiolarians

Ciliates  Have hair-like cilia for locomotion and feeding  The paramecium  Found mostly on seaweed and bottom sediments

Kingdom Fungi  Eukaryotic, plant-like but without chlorophyll  Multicellular  500 species of marine fungi  Most unique are the lichens

Lichens  Symbiotic relationship with algae – lichens provide the support and the algae provide the food.

Kingdom Plantae  Flowering plants  Angiosperms, dominant species on land

 Seagrasses – Marine flowering plants, not true grasses, mostly submerged  Most related to the lily family  Found in the tropics

 Cord grasses – true grasses  Land plants, salt tolerant  Submerged only at high tide Salt marsh plants

 Mangroves – shrubs and trees adapted to live along tropical and subtropical shores  Tolerate salt  Only roots are in the water  Live only on land