Miss Springborn Notes packet Pages 6-8 Westward Expansion Part 2

What does the government want from the west? RESOURCES TURN TERRITORIES INTO STATES

What are three things the government could do to get people to go west? 1.) HOMESTEAD ACT - TO LURE PEOPLE OUT WEST WITH FREE LAND. 2.) BUILD RAILROADS - TO HELP PEOPLE GET OUT WEST EASIER, FASTER, AND CHEAPER. 3.) PUT NATIVE AMERICANS ON RESERVATIONS - SO SETTLERS WOULDN’T BE AFRAID TO MOVE OUT WEST.

The buffalo…

What did the buffalo mean to the Native Americans? SURVIVAL, Way of LIFE, EVERYTHING

Now let’s take a look at page 7 Compare the 2 pictures…

List the differences between the two pictures ON THE LEFT TOM TORLINO HAS DARK SKIN, LONG HAIR; HE’S WEARING INDIAN CLOTHES; HE’S WEARING A LOT OF JEWELRY; IN THE PICTURE ON THE RIGHT THE HE IS LIGHTER SKINNED, SHORT HAIR, IN A SUIT AND TIE, AND NO JEWELRY.

What is the reason for these differences? WHEN TOM TORLINO WENT TO THE “INDIAN SCHOOL”, HE WAS NOT OUTSIDE HUNTING ANY MORE SO HIS SKIN BECAME LIGHTER. AT SCHOOL, HE WAS FORCED TO CHANGE HIS CLOTHES, JEWLERY, AND HAIR, TO BECOME MORE “WHITE” OR “CIVILIZED”.

De-Indianization THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD TOOK AWAY A LOT OF NATIVE AMERICAN LAND. IT ALSO BROUGHT BUFFALO HUNTERS OUT WEST.

De-Indianization WITHOUT THE BUFFALO NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE TO FIND A NEW WAY TO GET FOOD, CLOTHES, SHELTER, TOOLS

De-Indianization FORCED TO CHANGE THEIR NAME, LEARN ENGLISH, CUT THEIR HAIR, CHANGE THEIR RELIGION, CHANGE THEIR CLOTHES, LIVE AWAY FROM FAMILY AND TRIBE

De-Indianization NATIVE AMERICANS WERE MOVED FROM THEIR RESERVATION TO A NEW ONE IF GOLD WAS FOUND

Present-day Native American Struggles: Document 2a: Under the Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho; October 14, 1865 [These] lands shall be selected under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior within the limits of country hereby set apart as a reservation for the Indians parties to this treaty, and shall be free from assessment and taxation so long as they remain inalienable.

Document 2b: Native Americans Call for Unity and Dialogue at Weekend Conference Cornell Chronicle Vol. 28, Number 3, September 5, 1996 By Jill Goetz For the more than 130 men, women and children from the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy and some other nations who attended the "Indian Economic Futures" conference at Cornell last weekend, no clear answers were provided and no detailed strategies outlined for fighting what they believe is the most serious threat to their sovereignty in over 100 years: states' attempts to tax them.

Continued… Native Americans' tax-exempt status, as outlined in the U.S. Constitution, has been a growing thorn in the side of many state legislators and non-Native business owners ­ especially over the past 15 years, as tax-exempt bingo halls, gas stations and smoke shops have taken root in the territories of the Six Nations (Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Mohawk and Tuscarora). New York State, in particular, has attempted to collect taxes from Native businesses. In 1994, a state judge gave New York 120 days to begin collecting these taxes and said there will be military consequences if the targeted Native communities don't comply. "I think what is happening right now is the gravest economic threat we have faced since the loss of our lands," said Robert Porter, director of the Tribal Law and Government Center at the University of Kansas.

Continued… "Right now, New York State is attacking us with their taxation, with their destruction of a fragile economy that we're just beginning to rebuild," said Kakwirakeron, a member of the First Nations Dialogue Team. "But if we can't get them to cease and desist peacefully, we will have failed. The warriors are only the last resort; only when everything else has failed must men take their responsibility and do whatever is necessary for a just resolution. "The bridge to our future is economic development... and if [states] come after us with brute force, we will not back down; we will fight back."

Questions: What did the original agreement between Native Americans and the US government say about taxes? THEY DON’T HAVE TO PAY NY AS LONG AS THEY STAY ON THE RESERCVATION In the article, what are the Native Americans trying to stop? THE STATES’ ATTEMPTS TO TAX THEM ON THE RESERVATION What force does the government threaten they will use if the Natives refuse to pay? MILITARY