Family Tree Exercise Questions Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper: What traits do you have that you think you have inherited? What traits do you have that you think you have developed or learned over time (i.e.- not inherited)? Why do you think some traits are inherited and others are not?

The Seven Ages of Man Unit IX. Development3

The Last Stage “TOAST” Unit IX. Development4

Developmental Psychology Developmental Psychology – The study of people grow and change throughout the life span. Psychologists often ask: How does heredity (nature) and the environment (nurture) influence human development? Does development occur gradually or in stages?

Why study development??? Childhood experiences affect people as adolescents and adults. By studying development, we can learn about developmental problems. Causes Solutions

Motor and Verbal Abilities ( Source Fernald and Fernald) 1. Walks alone; says several words 2. Describes the difference between a bird and a dog 3. Turns head to follow moving object 4. Names penny, nickel, and dime 5. Climbs stairs; says many words 6. Laces shoes 7. Sits alone for one minute; says "da-da" 8. Tells how a baseball and an orange or an airplane and a kite are alike 9. Puts on shoes 10. Tells time to quarter-hour 11. Runs; uses simple word combinations 12. Walks while holding onto something Unit IX. Development7

Proper sequence is 3, 7, 12, 1, 5, 11, 9, 6, 4, 2, 10, 8. Unit IX. Development8

Proper Sequence 2 Months / Turns head to follow moving object 9 months / Sits alone for 1 minute: says “da-da” 1 year / Walks while holding on to something 1 year 3 months / Walks alone, says several words 1 year six months / Climbs stairs, says many words 2 years / Runs, uses simple word combinations 3 years / Puts on shoes 4 years / Laces shoes 5 years / Names penny, nickel, and dime 6 years / Describes the difference between a bird and a dog 7 years / Tells time to the quarter hour 8 years / Tells how a baseball and an orange and an airplane and a kite are alike Unit IX. Development9

Maturation and Critical Period Maturation – The automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals. Critical Period – A stage or point in development during which a person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior.

Physical Development: Height and Weight Infancy: Birth to Age 2(Rapid Development) During pregnancy, infants grow 20 inches or more and weigh up to a billion more times than at conception. First 5 months: Double birth weight 1st year: Triple birth weight, grow 10 inches. 2 nd year: Gain 4-7 lbs., grow four to six inches.

Physical Development: Height and Weight Childhood: 2 years old to adolescence Height: Gain 2 – 3 inches per year. Weight: Gain 4-6 lbs per year.

Physical Development: Motor Development Motor Development – The development of purposeful movements. Occurs in stages: 6 months: roll 8 months: sit 9 months: crawl 11 months: kneel 12 months: stand 15 months: walk

Physical Development: Reflexes Reflex – Inborn, involuntary response or reaction. Examples – Swallowing, breathing, sneezing, coughing, blinking. During the stages of development, some reflexes remain, while others dissappear.

Physical Development: Perceptual Development Perceptual Development – Process by which infants learn to make sense of the sights, sounds, tastes, and other sensations to which they are exposed. Influenced by age Sight, sent, hearing, and touch Visual cliff study

Cognitive Development Jean Piaget – Psychologist who studied Cognitive Development in Children. Said children are intrinsically motivated to explore and understand things.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 1: Sensory Motor Stage (Birth to 2 years) Use taste and touch senses to understand their worlds. Object Permanence – An awareness that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. Mental Representations – The ability to see and manipulate objects in your head. Self Recognition – The ability to recognize one’s self.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years) Thought is still tightly bound to physical and perceptual experiences. Egocentric – Difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view. Have trouble considering the past and future.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 3: Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years) More flexible thinking Learn to consider more than one part of problem at a time. Learn to look at the situation from someone else’s point of view. Still stuck in the here and now.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic Stages Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years) Begin to think abstractly Capable of going beyond the here and now to understand things.

Criticisms of Piaget Do stages really always progress in an orderly fashion? Do you really have to pass one stage before moving onto the next? Are infants’ minds really that simple? What about human diversity?

Moral Development The ability to make choices based on morals, or what is right and wrong. Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Stages Stage 1: Pre- conventional Level Preadolescent Children Base their judgments of right or wrong behavior on whether it is rewarded or punished, or whether or not it satisfies their own needs.

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Stages Stage 2: Conventional Stage Adolescence Define right behavior by what pleases or helps others. Mid-adolescence – begin considering abstract social virtues, such as being a “good citizen” and respecting authority.

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s Stages Stage 3: Post-conventional Stage Emphasizes abstract principles such as justice, liberty, and equality when making decisions. Moral standards become the guidepost for what is right and wrong. Discrepancies between what is moral and what is legal develop.

Criticisms of Kohlberg Many never progress beyond the Conventional Stage. Does that mean they’re underdeveloped? Where do values like caring and alleviating suffering fit in the stages?

Social Development: Erik Erikson Why mom’s? Basic Trust – When babies needs are met in the first year, they learn to trust people. Leads to Autonomy – Sense of independence and willingness to explore! If needs are not met, they become insecure and anxious. Erikson referred to the two possible outcomes as trust vs. mistrust.

Social Development: Erik Erikson Autonomy Age 2: As autonomy grows, children become rebellious against parents. Answer NO to almost everything. Leads to conflict Socialization - The process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and their culture. Autonomy versus shame and doubt – If child fails to acquire a sense of independence at this stage, shame and self doubt may take hold.

Social Development: Erik Erikson Ages 3 to 6: Children take initiative to independently complete tasks. Initiative vs. Guilt – Stage at which children develop a sense of joy in taking on new tasks, or a sense of worthlessness, resentment, and guilt for failing at new tasks. Depends heavily on parenting.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Authoritarian Parents rigidly control behavior and demand unquestioning obedience. Children generally have poor communication skills, are moody, withdrawn, and distrustful.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Permissive - Indifferent Exert too little control, failing to set limits on their children’s behavior. Parents are neglectful and inattentive, providing little emotional support. Children tend to become overly dependent and lack social skills and self-control.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Permissive – Indulgent Parents are very attentive and supportive of their children, but fail to set appropriate limits on their behavior. Children tend to be immature, disrespectful, impulsive, and out of control.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Authoritative Most successful parenting style. Provide firm structure and guidance without being overly controlling. Listen to children’s opinions and give explanations for their decisions, still making it clear they are the ones who make and enforce the rules. Children are likely to be self-reliant and socially responsible.

Social Development: Child Abuse and Neglect Effects of child abuse and neglect: Develop psychological disorders Insecure Less self confidence Depression and Anxiety Lead to future abuse and neglect by the abused child.

Social Development Social Development – Involves the ways in which infants and children learn to relate to other people.

Social Development: Attachment Attachment – The emotional ties that form between people. Infants to mothers about 4 months Stranger Anxiety – Fear of strangers (8 months) Separation Anxiety – Causes infants to cry or behave in other ways that indicate distress if their mothers leave them.

Social Development: Attachment Secure Attachment – Occurs when caregivers are affectionate and reliable. Children do well in school, are mature, etc. Insecure attachment – Occurs when caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable. Children do well in school, behavior problems.

Social Development: Erik Erikson Why mom’s? Basic Trust – When babies needs are met in the first year, they learn to trust people. Leads to Autonomy – Sense of independence and willingness to explore! If needs are not met, they become insecure and anxious. Erikson referred to the two possible outcomes as trust vs. mistrust.

Social Development: Erik Erikson Autonomy Age 2: As autonomy grows, children become rebellious against parents. Answer NO to almost everything. Leads to conflict Socialization - The process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and their culture. Autonomy versus shame and doubt – If child fails to acquire a sense of independence at this stage, shame and self doubt may take hold.

Social Development: Erik Erikson Ages 3 to 6: Children take initiative to independently complete tasks. Initiative vs. Guilt – Stage at which children develop a sense of joy in taking on new tasks, or a sense of worthlessness, resentment, and guilt for failing at new tasks. Depends heavily on parenting.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Authoritarian Parents rigidly control behavior and demand unquestioning obedience. Children generally have poor communication skills, are moody, withdrawn, and distrustful.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Permissive - Indifferent Exert too little control, failing to set limits on their children’s behavior. Parents are neglectful and inattentive, providing little emotional support. Children tend to become overly dependent and lack social skills and self-control.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Permissive – Indulgent Parents are very attentive and supportive of their children, but fail to set appropriate limits on their behavior. Children tend to be immature, disrespectful, impulsive, and out of control.

Social Development: Styles of Parenting Authoritative Most successful parenting style. Provide firm structure and guidance without being overly controlling. Listen to children’s opinions and give explanations for their decisions, still making it clear they are the ones who make and enforce the rules. Children are likely to be self-reliant and socially responsible.

Social Development: Child Abuse and Neglect Effects of child abuse and neglect: Develop psychological disorders Insecure Less self confidence Depression and Anxiety Lead to future abuse and neglect by the abused child.

Social Development: Self Esteem Self Esteem – The value or worth that people attach to themselves. Begins in early childhood.

Social Development: Self Esteem Influences on Self-Esteem Unconditional Positive Regard – Parents love and accept their children for who they are – no matter how they behave. Usually develop high self-esteem. Conditional Positive Regard – Parents show their love only when the children behave in certain acceptable ways. Usually develop lower self-esteem.

Social Development: Self Esteem Influences on Self-Esteem Gender Age Peer Groups

Sex-Role Development Age 3 Gender Identity: Know if you’re a boy or girl Age 4-5 Gender Consistency: Realize your gender cannot be changed. Gender Role Awareness: Acceptable behaviors Gender Stereotypes