Plant adaptation to changing environments: A role for GM Dr Jeremy

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Presentation transcript:

Plant adaptation to changing environments: A role for GM Dr Jeremy

Ecology Organisms Cells Molecules

DNA mRNA Protein Molecules: Transcription and Translation

Population growth Climate change

Conventional breeding has been going on for 10,000 years

Why Sequence Genomes? oWill eventually tell us what genes do –Leads to Medical Applications –Leads to Agricultural Applications oTells us about evolution oTell us how we develop oTell us how we are different to cabbages, mice and chimps

Applications of GM crops

Examples from my research oKnockouts What does a gene do? oLocalisation Where is it expressed? oTranscriptomics How do genes respond? Must combine Molecular with Physiology

Gene Promoter Coding region makes protein Turns on specific gene Knockout (loss of function)

Coding region makes no or truncated protein Knockout (loss of function) Insertion

Remove coding region Reporter genes

Coding region makes fluorescent protein Reporter genes New coding region

Phloem reporter gene

Salinity – the silent flood

Salt Salt crosses membranes through protein ‘gates’ These gates control salt levels in xylem

Bioinformatics- Arabidopsis – the model plant

ctgtcttctcactaaactccaaaacccaccggaaaaatgatta cgtggcacgacttgtacaccgtcctcaccgccgtggtaccact ttacgtagctatgattctttacggcaatatttcacgcctacggat ccgtacagtggtggaagatattctcaccagaccagtgctccg gcacaaccgcttcgtcgctatcttcgccgtccctctcctctccttc cacttcatctccaccaacgat Computer says: it looks like a salt transporter MSSGAPLNVTNPNYDIEESRFGKIVCYDQSLLF EKREQKGWESGSTLASSLPFFITQLFVANLSYR VLYYLTRPLYLPPFVAQILCGLLFSPSVLGNTRFI IAHVFPYRFTMVLETFANLALVYN DNA Sequence Amino acid Sequence CHx21

Immunology- protein is detected in root endodermis 10µm

ctgtcttctc actaaactcc aaaacccacc ggaaaaatga ttacgtggca cgacttgtac accgtcctca ccgccgtggt accactttac gtagctatga ttct ttacg tggcaatatt atcacgccta cggatccgta cagtggtgga agatattctc accagaccag tgctccggca tcaaccgctt cgtcgctatc ttcgccgtcc ctctcctctc cttccacttc atctccacca acgatcctta cgccatgaat Is the computer right? Find out; make knockout mutants Insert extra sequence: This means stop – no protein is made

Xylem sampling from transpiring plants

Leaf salt is lower in mutant xylem and leaf

Bioinformatics 5 similar sequences to CHX21 In pairs on chromosome 1 & 2

CHX5 CHX14 CHX23 CHX5 CHX14 CHX23 CHX8’ CHX13’ CHX21’ CHX8 CHX13 CHX21 1. Duplication 2. Translocation 3. Diversification Chromosome 1 Chromosome 2

From this…………... To this…………... ……………….a better adapted plant Evolution in action

Dr Jeremy

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