The Blue- prints of Life Cell Division Pass It On The Priest and the Pea Pretty Punnett Squares FINAL JEOPARDY

200-1 Where can you find the genetic material that contains the instructions to build and run an organism?

The nucleus of almost every cell.

400-1 How many chromosomes does each human cell contain?

46

600-1 What molecule are chromosomes made of?

DNA

800-1 What do you call a specific part of a chromosome which controls a specific trait, like eye color?

A gene

Why do chromosomes always exist in pairs?

In organisms which reproduce sexually, one chromosome is contributed by the male “parent” and one chromosome is contributed by the female “parent”.

200-2 Whenever a cell divides, one of the first steps is to replicate its DNA. What does replicate mean?

Copy

400-2 Sometimes during DNA replication, a mistake can occur in the genetic code. This causes different information to be passed on to the new cells. What is this mistake called?

A mutation

600-2 What types of cells are produced by meiosis?

The sex cells (sperm and ova)

800-2 How do the number of chromosomes in a daughter cell compare to the number of chromosomes in the parent cell after mitosis is completed?

There is the same number of chromosomes in a daughter cell as there were in the parent cell after mitosis is completed. (For example, when human cells undergo mitosis, one parent cell with 46 chromosomes produces two daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes.)

How do the number of chromosomes in a daughter cell compare to the number of chromosomes in the parent cell after meiosis is completed?

There is half the number of chromosomes in a daughter cell as there were in the parent cell after meiosis is completed. (For example, when human cells undergo meiosis, one parent cell with 46 chromosomes produces four daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes.)

200-3 What is another word for an organism’s characteristics?

Traits

400-3 When parents pass their traits on to their offspring, this is known as _______________.

Heredity

600-3 What is genetics?

The study of heredity.

800-3 Every organism possesses ______ genes for any given trait.

Two

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to the combination of genes an organism inherits for a specific trait. Phenotype refers to the physical trait that the genes actually produce. For example, a genotype for eye color might be Bb where B is a brown gene and b is a green gene. The phenotype for the genotype of Bb would be brown eyes.

200-4 Who is considered to be the “father of genetics”?

Gregor Mendel

400-4 What type of gene requires that an organism only has one of these genes to produce the trait?

A dominant gene

600-4 What type of gene requires that an organism has two of these genes to produce the trait?

A recessive gene

800-4 When a purebred tall pea plant was crossed with a purebred short pea plant, all of the “baby” plants were tall. Why?

The tall gene was dominant over the short gene.

Name two reasons why all dominant genes do not necessarily show up in the majority of the human population.

1) Humans that may have had a dominant mutation were contained by geographical features like mountains, rivers, deserts, etc. and distance. They could not cross these features until technological advancements in travel allowed them to do so. 2) Some humans do not reproduce outside their own cultural groups for a variety of cultural reasons.

200-5 What is the difference between a symbol used to represent a dominant gene and a symbol used to represent a recessive gene?

A dominant symbol uses a capital letter and a recessive gene uses a lowercase letter.

400-5 Symbols for dominant and recessive genes which control the same trait are always the same _______________.

Letter

600-5 If a pea plant possesses a dominant gene for gray seed covers and a recessive gene for white seed covers, how would you represent that in symbols?

Gg (G is for gray and g is for white)

800-5 In a certain species of plant, the gene for red flowers (R) is dominant over the gene for yellow flowers (r). Use this information to complete a Punnett square which predicts the offspring of two plants. One plant has a genotype of Rr and another has a genotype of rr.

In a certain species of plant, the gene for red flowers (R) is dominant over the gene for yellow flowers (r). Use the Punnett square below to determine the probability that the offspring of two plants with the genotype Rr will produce certain offspring. What is the probability that offspring of these parents will have purebred red flowers? What is the probability that offspring of these parents will have red flowers, but be carriers of the yellow flower gene? What is the probability that offspring of these parents will have purebred yellow flowers?

What is the probability that offspring of these parents will have purebred red flowers? 25% (1/4 - RR) What is the probability that offspring of these parents will have red flowers, but be carriers of the yellow flower gene? 50% (2/4 - Rr) What is the probability that offspring of these parents will have purebred yellow flowers? 25% (1/4 - rr)

If two tall pea plants with the genotype of Tt produce offspring, how many different genotypes could possibly be produced? How many different phenotypes could possibly be produced.

Three different genotypes could possibly be produced (TT, Tt and tt). Two different phenotypes could possibly be produced (tall and short).