Color vision. Outlines What is color Retinal circuitry for color vision Several ways to label retinal cells.

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Presentation transcript:

Color vision

Outlines What is color Retinal circuitry for color vision Several ways to label retinal cells

Color history: discovery of color Isaac Newton

Color history: discovery of color

Reflection makes colors

Retina anatomy of human being Outer nuclear layer Inner nuclear layer Ganglion cell layer Outer plexiform layer Inner plexiform layer

Cone mosaic in human retina L-coneM-coneS-cone L-cone or M-cone Immunohist- ochemistry (IHC) S-cone

Immunohist -ochemistry (IHC)

Trichromats vs Dichromats

Strategy to see color Principle of Univariance: any single photopigment is “colour blind”. Given proper combination of wavelength and intensity, and can trigger same response in M-cone. Color-coding ganglion cells receive antagonistic input from cones: red-green; yellow-blue

Color opponency mechanism Red-green opponent cells: midget ganglion cells Blue-yellow opponent cells: small bistratified ganglion cells Review by Dacey,

Dichromats Review of Masland, 2012

S/M opponent ganglion cells in retina of guinea pig a dichromatic mammal Dye iontophoresis

To dye fill a cell: A.visualize the cell via quick and rough nucleus staining B.A microelectrode filled with fluorescent dye is placed carefully in contact with the soma C.Break into the cell and apply current. “injecting fluorescent dye into the cell electronically”. D.How big is 10μm? The width (diameter) of a human hair ranges from to mm. Dye iontophoresis What is?

Movie showing iontophoresis of dye into retinal ganglion cell

Summary of cell labeling techniques 1.Immunocytochemistry 2.Dye-filling 3. Genetic tags: GFP, YFP…

History of genetic tag: GFP 2008 Nobel prize winners Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, and Roger Tsien,

Genetic tags: YFP Transgenic lines that mark RGC subtypes

“Most of my knowledge came from self-study,” says Dr. Shimomura. “If you find an interesting subject, study it through to the finish. If you confront difficulties, overcome them. Don’t be discouraged. There are always difficulties in research.” The End