Magnetism Magnetism: Permanent and Temporary See FSU’s site for much more information!! http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/index.html 1

Magnetic Topics Magnetism, B Electromagnetic Induction

Assignments Read and write reflections on Ch 36&37 in Conceptual Physics Complete Summaries for 36&37

General Properties of Magnets Like magnetic poles repel; unlike magnetic poles attract Magnetic field lines are directed from north to south Magnetic field lines always form close loops http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/mfbar.htm A magnetic field exists around any wire that carries current

Gen’l Properties cont. Spinning electrons are small magnets. A current-carrying wire experiences a force when the wire is perpendicular to a magnetic field. A coil of wire that carries a current has a magnetic field about a permanent magnet http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/faraday/index.html

Magnetic Facts The source of all magnetism is moving electric charges. Surrounding every moving electron is both an electric field and a magnetic field. Even in a broken magnet, there is N and S. A small compass in a magnetic field will line up parallel with the magnetic field lines. Magnetic domains are regions of aligned atoms. Magnets can attract unmagnetized objects by temporarily producing magnetism in the object. Magnetic fields are always produced by current carrying wires.

The magnetic pole in the N Hemisphere is in Canada The magnetic pole in the N Hemisphere is in Canada. The Earth’s magnetic field is probably due to convection currents in Earth’s molten interior. Magnetic deflection is the discrepancy between magnetic and true norths. The greatest force on an electron moving in a magnetic field is when the angle of motion is 90o. Cosmic rays are most intense at Earth’s poles producing aurorae. Earth’s geographic South pole is nearest its N pole. Electric fields can increase a moving electron’s speed.

A magnetic force field can accelerate an electron by changing its direction, not its speed. If a current carrying wire in magnetic field is caused to move down, current flowing in the opposite direction will cause the wire to move up.

Forces Caused by Magnetic Fields When a current-carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, a force acts on the wire that is perpendicular to both the field and the wire. Meters operate on this principle. Magnetic field strength is measured in tesla, T (one newton per ampere per meter). b is the symbol for magnetic field

Forces cont. An electric motor consists of a coil of wire (armature) placed in a magnetic field. When current flows in the coil, the coil rotates as a result of the force on the wire in the magnetic field.

Forces cont. The force a magnetic field exerts on a charged particle depends on the velocity and charge of the particle and the strength of the magnetic field. The direction of the force is perpendicular to both the field and particle’s velocity.

Key Equations F = BIL  Force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field. Force = magnetic field strength x current x length of wire. Newton = tesla x amp x meter F = BqV  Force of a magnetic field on a single charged particle. Force = magnetic field strength x charge x velocity of the charge. Newton = tesla x coulomb x m/s

E = - N DF / D t Ampere’s Rule for parallel, straight conductors: F = 2k l I1 I2 / d Transformer Equations Pp = Ps  VpIp = VsIs Is = Vp = Np Ip Vs Ns Induction M = -Es / D Ip/ D t L = -E / D I / D t

The small picture – how magnetism occurs Domain theory – when enough atoms of a substance line up in the same direction Strong magnets – iron and steel Very strong – Alnico alloy Weak – aluminum, platinum Natural – magnetite or lodestodes formed when rock was molten

Magnetic field lines Magnetic flux, (F) – number of field lines passing through a surface Unit: weber = 1 nm/amp Magnetic flux density, B = F /A Unit: wb/m2 = nm/a m2 = n/am 1 wb/m2 = 1 Tesla Earth, 10–4 T Humans, 10–11 T

Hand Rule #1- B field direction around a current carrying wire Point thumb in direction of current in the wire Fingers of your hand circle the wire and show the direction of the magnetic field Knuckles, N Finger tips, S http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/mfwire.htm

Hand Rule #2 – Determine the polarity of an electromagnet Wrap the fingers of your right hand around the loops in the direction of the current Extended thumb points toward the N pole of the electromagnet

Solenoid – conducting linear coil which acts like a bar magnet Increase B, magnetic flux density by Increasing the current Adding loops of wire Inserting an iron core into solenoid – now it is an electromagnet

Hand rule #3 – shows force acting on wire in B field Lay right hand flat, palm up Extend thumb 90 degrees to rest of fingers Fingers point in direction of B field Thumb points in direction of current, I Imaginary vector coming up perpendicular out of the palm points in the direction of force acting on current carrying wire.

Fingers point in direction of b field Thumb - direction of current flow Imaginary vector coming from palm is direction that conductor is forced out of the field

Sample Problems A straight wire that carries a 5.0 amp current is in a uniform magnetic field oriented at right angles to the wire. When 0.10 m of the wire is in the field, the force on the wire is 0.20 n. What is the strength of the magnetic field, B?

Solution Known: Unknown: I = 5.0 amp B =? L = 0.10m F = 0.20 N F=BIL  B = F/IL = 0.20N/5.0 amp(0.10m) = 0.40 T

Sample Problem A beam of electrons travels at 3.0 x 106 m/s through a uniform magnetic field of 4.0 x 10–1 T at right angles to the field. How strong is the force that acts on each electron? Known Unknown V = 3.0 x 106 m/s F =? B = 4.0 x 10–1 T Q = - 1.6 x 10–19 c

Solution F = BqV = 4.0 x 10–1 T (-1.6 x 10–19c)(3.0 x 106 m/s) = -1.9 x 10–13 Tcm/s = -1.9 x 10 -13 n

Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field Right-Hand Rule for Moving Charges      

Sources http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/electricmotor.htm http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/lorentzforce.htm Other physics information: http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph11e/ Great diagrams of magnetic rules: http://sol.sci.uop.edu/~jfalward/magneticforcesfields/magneticforcesfields.html

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) Relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic produces both current and a magnetic field Electric current can be induced in a wire by moving a magnet up and down near the wire More loops in a coil of wire (solenoid) increases the voltage produced Placing an iron rod in a current-carrying wire, yields a greater magnetic field

A generator changes mechanical energy to electrical energy A generator changes mechanical energy to electrical energy. A motor does opposite An e-m wave contains perpendicular electric and magnetic fields E-M waves travel at the speed of light

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry around the same time… Discovered that when there is relative motion between a magnetic field and a complete circuit (and the conductor cuts across the magnetic field), that electricity will flow!!! An induced EMF causes electricity to flow.

If current flows, there must be an EMF – this is EM induction Faraday’s Law of Induction: E = - N DF / D t E, emf, volts -N, # of turns of wire (- means the current opposes the change that induced it) DF, change in flux in weber, wb t, change in time, sec This essentially says that the induced voltage in a coil is proportional to the product of the number of loops and the rate at which the magnetic field changes within those loops.

Sample Problem If a coil of 200 turns is moved perpendicularly in a magnetic field at a constant rate, find the induced emf. The flux linkage change ( DF / D t) is 4.00 x 10-6 wb in 0.0100 sec.

Imagine what thousands of turns would produce! If a coil of 200 turns is moved perpendicularly in a magnetic field at a constant rate, find the induced emf. The flux linkage change ( DF / D t) is 4.00 x 10-6 wb in 0.0100 sec. E = - N DF D t E = (-200)(4.00 x 10 –6 wb) 1.00 x 10 –2 s E = -8.00 x 10 –2 v Imagine what thousands of turns would produce!

Electric Generators Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by rotating a looped conductor (armature) in a magnetic field Alternating-Current electricity produced is conducted by slip rings and brushes to be used * Direct current can be produced by using split rings *

A = 2.0 m2 N = 35 B = .55 T Dt = 0.85 s E = -N D F / D t = - NBA / D t A coil with a wire is wound around a 2.0 m2 hollow tube 35 times. A uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the coil. If the field changes uniformly from 0.00 T to 0.55 T in 0.85 s, what is the induced emf in the coil? A = 2.0 m2 N = 35 B = .55 T Dt = 0.85 s E = -N D F / D t = - NBA / D t E = 35 (0.55 T) (2 m 2) 0.85s E = 45.3 v

Generator Output Rectifier changes AC to DC Inverter changes DC to AC

Lenz’s Law - The direction of an induced current is such that the magnetic field resulting from the induced current opposes the change in he field that caused the induced current. When the N pole of a magnet is moved toward the left end of a coil, that end of the coil must become a N, causing induced current flow in opposition.

Inductance The property of an electric circuit by which a varying current induces a back emf in that circuit or a neighboring circuit. Mutual Inductance, M Self Inductance, L http://www.powertransformer.us/primaryvoltage.png

Mutual Inductance, M Effect that occurs in a transformer when a varying magnetic field created in the primary coil is carried through the iron core to the secondary coil, where the varying field induces a varying emf. M = -Es / D Ip/ D t

M = -Es D Ip/ D t Shows the ratio of induced emf in one circuit to the rate of change of current in the other circuit. M, inductance, Henry Es, average induced emf across secondary D Ip/ D t, time rate of change in current in primary coil - sign, induced v opposes D I (Lenz’s law)

M = - Es So, Es = -M DIp DIp/D t D t Es = -1.25 h (10.0 a) 0.0250 s Two coils have a mutual inductance of 1.25 henrys. Find the average emf induced in the secondary if the current in the primary builds up to 10.0 amp in 0.0250 sec after the switch is closed. M = - Es So, Es = -M DIp DIp/D t D t Es = -1.25 h (10.0 a) 0.0250 s Es = -500. v or 5.00 x 102 v

Self Inductance Ratio of induced emf across a coil to the rate of change of current in the coil L = -E / D I / D t L, henry I, current, amp t, time, sec

Transformer Two separate coils of wire placed near one another that are used to increase or decrease AC voltages with little loss of energy. It contains a Primary coil and a Secondary coil When the primary is connected to AC voltage, the changing current creates a varying magnetic field that is carried through the core to the secondary coil.

Transformer, cont. In the secondary coil, the varying field induces a varying emf. This is called mutual inductance Secondary voltage = secondary #turns Primary voltage primary # turns Power = Voltage x Current

Transformers lose no power Pp = Ps  Vp Ip = Vs Is Transformer Equation: Is = Vp = Np Ip Vs Ns

Transformer Problem A. Vs = NsVp/Np = 3000(90.0V) / 200 = 1.35 kV A step-up transformer has a primary coil consisting of 200 turns and a secondary coil that has 3000 turns. The primary coil is supplied with an effective AC voltage of 90.0v. A) What is the Vs? B) If Is = 2.00a, find Ip. C) What is the power in the primary circuit? A. Vs = NsVp/Np = 3000(90.0V) / 200 = 1.35 kV B. Pp = Ps, VpIp = VsIs  Ip = VsIs/Vp = Ip =1350v(2.00a) / 90.0v = 30.0a C. Pp = Vp Ip = 90.0v(30.0a) = 2.70 kW