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Cells Central Dogma Enzymes Scientific Method Energy Structure

If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a(n) a. Plant c. prokaryote b. animal d. eukaryote Cell Structure

Both plants and animals have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.

Which of the following do not have cell walls? Cell Structure b. plants d. all prokaryotes c. all eukaryotes a. animals

Cell wall is not the same and plasma membrane. The cell wall helps provide structure for a cell. Plants and Prokaryotes have a cell wall. Cell Structure

Where does cellular respiration occur? a. chloroplast c. cytoplasmd. nucleus b. mitochondria Cell Structure

The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell. Both Plants and Animals have mitochondria. Cell Structure

What is the purpose of ribosomes? a. To make DNA c. To transport materials throughout the cell b. To package materials d. To make proteins Cell Structure

 Ribosomes make proteins by arranging amino acids according to instructions from RNA – location of translation.  Ribosomes are found in all cells. Cell Structure

What is the function of organelle N? Cell Structure b. Make proteins (cell’s work-force) a. Make ATP (a cell’s energy source) d. Make DNA (cell’s blueprints) c. Make glucose (a cell’s food)

Cell Structure Plants can do photosynthesis because chlorophyll can absorb the sun’s energy.

What is ultimately produced at the end of the processes of the central dogma? Central Dogma c. DNA d. RNAamino acid a. protein

DNA  RNA  Protein Central Dogma

What is produced in transcription? Central Dogma a. 2 identical DNA molecules b. tRNA c. protein d. Complementary mRNA

Central Dogma Transcription makes mRNA which gets decoded in translation to make proteins.

Central Dogma a. cysteine c. lysine d. glycine b. valine What amino acid is produced from the mRNA codon: GUC?

Codons represent amino acids Central Dogma

What does a mutation cause? Central Dogma a. Disease b. Inability to make the right protein d. superpowers c. Change in DNA sequence

Only mutations that change the amino acid sequence cause disease. Central Dogma

Determine the DNA sequence that codes for this polypeptide sequence: tyr pro Central Dogma a. UAU CCU b. No answer given c. TAT CCU b. ATA GGG

You work backwards: protein  mRNA  DNA Central Dogma

What is the shape of DNA? Structure c. Alpha helix d. helix b. Three stranded helix a. Double helix

DNA looks like a twisted ladder. Structure

What is the complementary sequence for the DNA strand? ATCGGC Structure c. AUCGGC b. UAGCCG a. CGGCTA d. TAGCCG

The two strands of DNA are complementary: They match up. Structure

What are the basic building blocks of proteins? a. nucleotides d. Nitrogenous bases b. tRNA c. Amino acids Structure

Amino acids are the repeating units in protein polymers. Structure

What is in RNA and not in DNA? structure a. sugar c. Phosphate group b. nucleotide d. uracil

Both DNA and RNA have 4 bases, but U replaces T in RNA. Structure

How does ATP store energy? a. When a phosphate is added c. When enzymes move ATP across a cell b. When amino acids connect d. When the bond between two phosphate groups get broken Structure

ATP becomes ADP and releases energy Structure

Enzymes are _____ that speed up chemical reactions. a. nucleotides c. Nucleic acids b. Energy molecules d. proteins Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze or speed up reactions. Enzymes

What causes an enzyme to get denatured? Enzyme b. mutation c. genetics d. disease a. Extreme temperature and pH

Enzyme Denaturing changes the shape of an enzyme

What would happen to the reactions of life if enzymes weren’t there? Enzyme a. They would not occur. b. They would make the wrong material. d. They would occur too fast to get nutrients. c. They would occur too slowly to sustain life

Enzyme Enzymes lower the activation energy to speed up reactions.

Based on the graph, which of the following could be used to increase the reaction rate beyond point C? Enzyme a. decrease enzyme concentration b. increase the amount of substrate c. add more water d. increase the amount of substrate

Enzyme Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of reaction.

When will both enzymes be active? Enzyme a. 80 o C b. always d. never d. 45 o C

Enzyme Optimal is at max. When one enzyme is at its max, the other is inactive.

What is the independent variable in the data table? b. Number of Tadpoles c. Amount of water a. There is no independent variable d. pH Scientific Method

The independent variable is what you change. It is also called the manipulated variable. Scientific Method

What can you conclude from the graphs? Scientific Method b. Enzyme activity does not change as you change temperature and pH a. Enzyme activity increases when you increase the temperature and pH c. Enzymes work best at a specific temperature and pH

Temperature, pH and concentration affect enzyme activity. Scientific Method

What is a possible hypothesis for experiment summarized in the graph? Scientific Method d. A plant will grow best with lots of water c. Heat is damaging to plants b. Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis. a. Increasing sunlight increases plant growth.

Sunlight is on the x-axis so it is the independent variable. Scientific Method

Identify the variables: Scientific Method c. Control: 50 workers IV: staple DV: juice a. Control: juice IV: stacks DV: productivity b. Control: Group B IV: volume of special juice DV: number of stacks

Control is a comparison. Independent is what changes Dependent is what you look for. Scientific Method

In the experiment, what type of variable is the amount of light? a. Independent variable b. Dependent variabled. Constant c. Control Scientific Method

Constant and Control are not the same. Constants are things kept the same for each condition. Controls are comparisons. Scientific Method

Energy ____ is the molecule that stores energy for easy use within the cell. a. ADP d. RNA b. glucose c. ATP

Energy ATP is stored ENERGY

Which direction does energy flow? Energy a. Tree to deer to cougar b. Sun to bear to cougar c. Bird to skunk to insects d. Rodent to bird to bear

Arrows show the flow of energy, food and nutrients from autotrophs to heterotrophs. Energy

Which of the following equations best represents photosynthesis? a. 6C + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 c. C + O 2 + H 2 O  CO 2 + HOH d. C 6 H 12 O 6  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O b. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Energy

6 carbon dioxide + 6 water = 1 glucose + 6 oxygen 6 CO H 2 0 = C 6 H 12 O O 2 Energy

In which container is photosynthesis not occurring? a. 1b. 2d. 4c. 3 Container PlantPlant Part Light Color Temp (C) Increase in O2 1Geraniumleafred Geraniumleafgreen2215 3Geraniumrootred220 4Violetleafred2280 Energy

The table had a lot of extra information. There were two main ways to find the answer: no oxygen was made, sunlight can not reach roots. Energy

How are the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? a. Photosynthesis occurs in plants and cellular respiration occurs in animals. d. There is no relationship. b. Photosynthesis makes more ATP. c. Photsynthesis is basically the reverse of cellular respiration. Energy

Photosynthesis makes glucose that is needed in cellular respiration Energy

Nile Blue stain a nucleus but prokaryotes don’ t have one. Hodge Podge DyeTest acridine orangestains DNA and RNA osmium tetrozxidestains lipids Eosinstains cell cytoplasm Nile Bluestains cell nuclei

How much will you wager?