Copyright  2003 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Industrial Engineering & Human Factors Engineering Human Factors in Engineering Design Fall 2003 Dr. Jennie Gallimore

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Human Factors: What else is it called? Ergonomics in Europe Human Engineering in Military Engineering Psychology by Psychologist

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Human Factors Defined Human Factors discovers and applies information about human behavior, abilities, limitations, and other characteristics to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments for productive, safe, comfortable, and effective human use (Sanders and McCormick, 1993) Human Factors IS NOT …  Just using checklists and guidelines  Just using oneself as the model for designing things  Just common sense

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Cost of Ignoring Human Factors is Poor Quality! Increased probability of accidents and errors Less spare capacity to deal with emergencies Increased labor turnover Lower productive output Increases in lost time Higher medical costs Higher material costs Increased absenteeism Low quality work Injuries, strains

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering What do HFEs Do? HFE uses a systems analysis approach. Humans are a critical system component. HFEs analyze systems focusing on human operators to determine what they are required to do to achieve system goals. HFEs determine how the system can be designed or modified to meet goals. Humans have certain capabilities and limitations, and the system must be designed with an understanding of the human component subsystem requirements.

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering What Do HFEs Do? Perform Systems Analysis System Design Modifications, Performance support, Aids Integrate Solutions Perform Scientific Research

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering What Do HFEs Do? Perform Systems Analysis System Design Modifications, Performance support, Aids Integrate Solutions Perform Scientific Research System Analysis Function analysis Task Analysis (cognitive, physical) Accident/incident analysis Workload analysis Communication patterns/information flow Work place layout Environmental Analysis Task-Interface analysis Reliability assessment (Human error analysis) Etc..

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering What Do HFEs Do? Perform Systems Analysis System Design Modifications, Performance support, Aids Integrate Solutions Perform Scientific Research System Analysis Systems Analysis Tools/Techniques Activity sampling Hierarchical task analysis Link analysis Simulation studies Verbal protocols Interviews Questionnaires Critical Incident Techniques Decision action trees Decision ladders Operator action event trees Time line analysis Time and motion study Etc..

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering What Do HFEs Do? Perform Systems Analysis System Design Modifications, Performance support Integrate Solutions Perform Scientific Research System Modifications Redesign of workflow (task sequence, responsibility) Environmental improvements (noise, lighting, alarms) Redesign of information flow Development of support technology Changes to system interfaces Suggest changes to organizational policies Develop training programs Incorporation of safety systems

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering What Do HFEs Do? Perform Systems Analysis System Design Modifications, Performance support, Aids Integrate Solutions Perform Scientific Research Integration of Solutions Organizational changes and support Training New Technology Cost-benefit analysis

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering What Do HFEs Do? Perform Systems Analysis System Design Modifications, Performance support, Aids Integrate Solutions Perform Scientific Research Human Factors Research R&D of system and task analysis techniques Human decision making Cognitive modeling Mental workload Visual performance Shift work Simulation and modeling Display of information Effects of aging on performance Adaptive displays Communication Test and Evaluation Usability Testing Human computer interaction Safety Training Biomechanics Physical workload Manual material handling Human Error Virtual Environments Complex system modeling Human control and tracking Auditory perception Multi-modal interfaces Individual differences

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering History of Human Factors Early History –Frank and Lillian Gilbretth Early 1900’s Motion study Shop management Hospital surgical teams (The Birth of a Profession) –U.S. Army Air Corps –U.S. Navy –Dunlap and Associates

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering History of Human Factors A period of rapid growth –Membership in a National Society Human Factors and Ergonomics Society –Applied in industry in workplace and product design. –Space Program

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering History of Human Factors –Computers –Three mile island –Litigation

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering HFE is a Multidisciplinary Field Psychology –Cognition –Sensation and Perception Engineering –Anthropometry –Biomechanics –Systems design –Mechanical –Electrical –Etc… Medicine, physiology, life sciences –How the human body works Computer Science –Programming Occupational Safety

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Jobs in HFE Topic Areas –Computers –Aerospace –Industrial Processes –Ergonomics –Health and Safety –Transportation –Education –Medical Systems Places –Industry –Academic Institutions –Military-related research centers –Government Agencies –Independent research and consulting organizations –Independent consultants

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Examples of Employers Aerospace and Defense –Boeing –General Dynamics –Hughes –Lockheed Martin –TRW –Rockwell Power & Utilities –EG&G –General Electric –Westinghouse Automotive –John Deere –General Motors –Honda –Ford –Nissan –Toyota Communications –AT&T –GTE –Lucent Technologies –US West

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Examples of Employers Computers –Apple –IBM –Digital Equipment Corp. –Hewlett-Packard –INTEL –Xerox –Sun Microsystems –Compaq –NRC Corp. –Start-up companies! Insurance –Travelers –Liberty Mutual

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Technical Groups in HFES Aerospace Systems Aging Cognitive Engineering & Decision making Communication Consumer Products Educator’s Professional Environmental Design Forensics Professional Industrial Ergonomics Macroergonomics Medical Systems & Rehabilitation Individual Differences in Performance Safety Surface Transportation System Development Test and Evaluation Training Virtual Environments Visual Performance Web

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering HFES provides opportunity for variety! Areas in which I have worked: –Development of Radar System (TRW) –Development of Typewriters (Xerox) –Development of user interfaces –Designing systems for assembly planning –Aerospace applications –Advanced cockpit displays –Uninhabited aerial vehicles –Spatial disorientation training system –Virtual Environments –Expert Witnessing

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering SYSTEMS Example Types –Manual –Mechanical –Automated (hybrid) Characteristics of Systems –Systems have a purpose –Systems can be hierarchical –Systems operate in an environment

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Systems Components Serve Functions Info input Information Storage Sensing (information receiving) Information Processing And Decision Actions Functions (physical Control Commun) Output

Copyright  2001 by Dr. Gallimore, Wright State University Department of Biomedical, Human Factors, & Industrial Engineering Systems Components Interact Systems, subsystems, and components have inputs and outputs