Achieving the MDGs: RBA Training Workshop Module 6: Rural Development Investment Cluster 9-12 May 2005

Introduction The rural development investment cluster includes interventions to:  increase incomes,  increase food production and  ensure access to basic infrastructure services

Key Areas of Intervention 1.Agricultural productivity 2.Rural income Generation 3.Water supply and sanitation 4.Water resources infrastructure and management 5.Transport 6.Energy

Agricultural Productivity and Rural Income Generation- Key Points  Interventions address poverty and hunger targets  Exact interventions will depend on underlying characteristics of poverty and hunger in the country  To address the hunger goal, these will need to be supplemented with interventions to address nutrition and emergency food assistance

Agricultural Productivity- Choose Interventions  Focus on food-insecure farmers  Interventions aimed at increasing food productivity to generate marketable surplus  Interventions cover:  Investments to increase soil health (e.g. chemical fertilizers, manure, agroforestry)  Provision of improved seeds  Investments in small scale on-farm water management for agriculture (e.g. traditional water harvesting and conservation, pumps, drip irrigation)  Agriculture and irrigation extension services with a special focus on training women extension workers, and  Research in agriculture.

Rural Income Generation- Choose Interventions  Help the poor connect with markets from which they are excluded –Farmers associations –Community and market centers  Improve the terms on which the poor transact –Land –Quality financial services including microfinance –Storage facilities to reduce post harvest losses  Investments to support value added activities such as food processing technologies

Agricultural Productivity and Rural Income Generation- Define Targets Agricultural productivity  Taking 1990 as the baseline year, enable at least half of the food-insecure subsistence farm households to grow enough food to feed themselves by 2015 Rural income generation  Taking 1990 as the baseline year, provide at least half the food-insecure households in rural areas with access to food storage facilities, quality financial services, value added food processing services, and marketing organizations (such as cooperatives) by 2015.

Estimate Resource Needs Country demographic data Needs per beneficiary TOTAL NEEDS Target Population Target coverage rates Cost, HR, infrastructure components for key interventions

Total Hunger needs Increasing Agricultural Productivity Rural Income Generation Improving Nutrition The Hunger Dimension- Task Force Recommendations Invest in Soil Health Small scale water management Improved seeds Extension Research Storage Livestock Processing Credit Farmer associations Market space Food for Work Pregnant women, lactating mothers and infants (7-24 months) School meals Supplementation for vulnerable groups Diet diversification Food Aid

Interventions to Improve Nutritional Outcomes  Direct nutritional interventions to pregnant women and lactating mothers  Encourage complementary feeding for infants  School meals sourced  Reduce under-nutrition among children under 5 years  Reduce vitamin and mineral deficiencies through micronutrient supplementation targeted at vulnerable groups  Emergency relief (early warning systems, safety nets, direct food aid)

Key Areas of Intervention 1.Agricultural productivity 2.Rural income Generation 3.Water supply and sanitation 4.Water resources infrastructure and management 5.Transport 6.Energy

Water Supply and Sanitation (Rural)- Choose Interventions  Provision and operation of infrastructure for domestic water supply  Construction and operation of sanitation facilities including drainage systems and facilities for disposal of sullage and wastewater  Hygiene education including awareness campaigns in primary schools, through community based organizations, media, and so on  Provision and operation of infrastructure for water supply and sanitation for schools and heath facilities.

Water Supply and Sanitation (Rural)- Define Targets  Taking 1990 as the baseline year, halve the proportion of people in rural areas without sustainable access to safe drinking water by 2015 (MDG Target 10.  Taking 1990 as the baseline year, halve the proportion of people in rural areas without sustainable access to basic sanitation by 2015 (MDG Target 10), aiming for each target village to achieve full sanitation coverage and to completely end the practice of open defecation.

Water Supply and Sanitation (Rural): Estimating Needs - Key Points  Define proportion of each technology to be used each year (e.g. boreholes vs. rainwater collection, latrines vs. septic tanks)  Include rehabilitation of existing but defective infrastructure  Include full operation and maintenance costs  Millennium Project needs assessment tool is available

Key Areas of Intervention 1.Agricultural productivity 2.Rural income Generation 3.Water supply and sanitation 4.Water resources infrastructure and management 5.Transport 6.Energy

Case for water resources management and infrastructure as part of MDG strategy  IWRM needed to manage increasingly scarce water resources effectively  Water storage is required to –Mitigate impact of run-off variability to ensure perennial water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural use –Increase hydropower potential –Improve flood protection  No country has generated sustained economic growth without large-scale investments in water storage  Irrigation infrastructure required to –Increase agricultural yields and strengthen potential for cash crops –Mitigate impact of run-off variability

Water Resources Infrastructure & Management - Interventions  Provision and maintenance of water storage and other infrastructure for water management (such as watershed management and water conservation, early warning systems, ground and surface storage systems, etc.)  Plans, systems and institutions for integrated water resources management, as appropriate.  Hydrological monitoring  Measures to address the social and environmental issues associated with large-scale water management infrastructure

Water Resources Infra & Mgmt- Suggested Target  Increase total resilience capacity (through groundwater and surface storage, early warning systems and other means) to the levels needed to reduce the economic and human losses caused by floods and droughts by 50% by  Start the preparation of an Integrated Water Resources Management Plan (IWRM) before the end of 2005.

Key Areas of Intervention 1.Agricultural productivity 2.Rural income Generation 3.Water supply and sanitation 4.Water resources infrastructure and management 5.Transport 6.Energy

The case for transport infrastructure and services as part of MDG strategy  Transport is not mentioned in the MDGs, but improved transport services (incl. roads, railways, and ports) are critical to: –Lower cost of national and international trade –Reduce cost of agricultural inputs and raise farmgate prices for produce –Improve prospects for non-farm rural employment –Improve access to urban employment –Improve access to social services (in particular emergency obstetric care to reduce MMR) –Reduce time poverty – particularly of women

Transport - Choose Interventions  Transport systems for health and other essential social services and infrastructure maintenance  Upgrading and construction of footpaths, paved secondary or district roads as well as small paved feeder and community roads.  Institutional structure and funding arrangements for adequate road maintenance (such as dedicated road funds).

Transport - Possible Targets  By 2015 establish national systems for providing and maintaining motorbikes or other vehicles in support of healthcare, agricultural extension, maintenance of infrastructure, etc.  Ensure that 90 percent of the rural population is within 2km of the nearest motorized pick-up point by 2015.

Very preliminary roads needs assessment Elements of a roads needs assessment: Transport services cost of setting up, operating and maintaining an integrated fleet of vehicles to provide key social services and infrastructure maintenance See Riders for Health costing model ( Transport infrastructure carry out an inventory of existing road stock to ascertain the need for rehabilitation and regular maintenance estimate additional roads needed to meet the access targets

Key Areas of Intervention 1.Agricultural productivity 2.Rural income Generation 3.Water supply and sanitation 4.Water resources infrastructure and management 5.Transport 6.Energy

The case for energy infrastructure and services as part of MDG strategy  Energy is not mentioned in the MDGs, but improved access to energy services is critical to: –Reduce women’s time poverty (e.g. to halve poverty and achieve gender equity goal) –Make energy available for manufacturing industries and other productive uses (e.g. to halve poverty) –Increase agricultural productivity (e.g. through groundwater pumps) –Lower indoor air pollution (e.g. to reduce U5MR) –Improve provision of social services (e.g. lighting in schools, refrigeration in health centers) –Halt deforestation and other land degradation (?)

Energy Choose “MDG-compatible” Interventions  Distribution of efficient cooking stoves  Distribution of modern fuels  Improved ventilation, chimneys, smokehoods, etc. to reduce the adverse health impacts from cooking with biomass  Increase sustainable biomass production (e.g. agroforestry, woodlots or community forestry, area closures, etc.)  Off-grid systems together with necessary wiring to all schools and health facilities.  Facilitate community access to electricity and mechanical power  Facilitate the use of electricity in rural communities that are not connected to the grid, through batteries and charging stations  Extension of the electric power grid

Energy Possible Rural Targets  Enable the use of modern fuels and devices for 50% of those who at present use traditional biomass for cooking.  Support x% of the population in adopting improved cook-stoves and measures to reduce the adverse health impacts from cooking with biomass.  Ensure by 2008 that all schools and health facilities have access to electricity.  Provide access to modern energy services at the community level for all rural communities (in the form of electricity and mechanical power).

Energy Estimate Resource Needs – Key Points  Choice among electricity technologies (esp. grid- and off- grid) should be based on low cost  Largest driver of electricity cost are the transmission systems  Community-level interventions scale-up according to size of rural communities  Millennium Project needs assessment tool is available