The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars Dániel Apai Space Telescope.

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Presentation transcript:

The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars The Grand Tour of Exoplanets The New Worlds around Other Stars Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Fictional Planets Tatooine / Star Wars B612, Dune, Terminus, Tatooine Hundreds more listed on Wikipedia page

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Age of Planets

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 R Jup ≈ 11 R Earth R sun ≈ 10 R jup M sun ≈ 1000 M jup M Jup ≈ 320 M Earth

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 The Planet Zoo No Fancy Names - just plain old lowercase alphabet, excluding a What is a planet anyway? HR8799d - 3rd planet discovered around the star HR8799 Poor Pluto isn’t.

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, Kaj Strand: Nearby triple star system 61 Cygni has a companion 16 M Jup Indirect detection is a possibility; tiny signals are easily misinterpreted. The First “Detections” Peter van de Kamp, Sproul Observatory, Perturbations in Barnard’s Star track ⇒ 1.6 M Jup planet Never confirmed... many other claims followed

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 PSR bcd Alex Wolszczan PSR (Becker et al. 1992) Rocky planets can be at odd places and may form easily. Wolszczan et al b: 0.02 M earth at 0.19 AU with P=25d c: 4.1 M earth at 0.36 AU with P=67d d: 3.8 M earth at 0.46 AU with P=98d Pulsar, timing variations

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, Peg Mayor & Queloz 1995 Nature Sun-like star + Jupiter-mass Planet! 4.2 day orbital period! Lessons: 1) Planets can be very close to their host stars 2) Planets migrate 3) Expect the Unexpected G2 sun-like star, V=5.5 mag - Radial Velocity

GJ 876

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 876 System Delfosse et al Marcy et al Correia et al GJ876b: 2.6 M J planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998) GJ876c: 0.83 M J planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998) GJ876d: 0.02 M J =6.3 M E planet at AU with 1.9 day period (2005) M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 876 System What we learned: 1) Planets can form around cool red dwarfs 2) Giant planets in resonant orbit (2:1) 2) Multiple planets with very different masses Jupiter-sized planets are rare around low-mass stars Delfosse et al Marcy et al Correia et al GJ876b: 2.6 M J planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998) GJ876c: 0.83 M J planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998) GJ876d: 0.02 M J =6.3 M E planet at AU with 1.9 day period (2005) M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? GJ581b: 16 M E planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 M E planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 M E planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 M E planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? GJ581b: 16 M E planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 M E planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 M E planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 M E planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity

ESO

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Gl581 - The Second Habitable world? Habitable planets around cool red dwarfs? GJ581b: 16 M E planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005) GJ581c: 5 M E planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581d: 8 M E planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007) GJ581e: 2 M E planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009) M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity The habitability of the GJ581 system remains debated.

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 HD189733b HD209458b K1 star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity G0 sun-like star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity HD b: 0.6 M J planet at AU with 3.5 day period (1999) HD b: 1.1 M J at 0.03 AU with 2.2 day period Planetary Transits and Eclipses provide Information on Atmospheric Composition!

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 HD189733b HD209458b CO Swain et al. (2009) CH 4, Water Swain et al. (2009) Water Tinetti et al. (2007) Spitzer Space Telescope HST Water, methane, CO Multiple teams, HST, Spitzer

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Corot-1b G0 star, V=14 mag - Transit Rogers et al Too bright! 1 M Jup planet at AU with 1.5 day period

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 WASP-18 F9 sun-like star, V=9.3 mag - Transit Survey WASP-18b: 10.4 M J at 0.02 AU with 0.94 day period Hellier et al Tidal interactions - planets swallowed in less than a million year?

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 436 From Sasselov 2008

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 1214b GJ1214b: 6.55 M E planet at AU with 1.6 day period Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M ⊙ - Transit Survey Charbonneau et al Transit Depth: 1.3%

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Charbonneau et al. 2009

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 1214b GJ1214b: 6.55 M E planet at AU with 1.6 day period Charbonneau et al Transit Depth: 1.3% Planet Radius = 12% of R star (R pl / R star ) 2 =1.3% R star = 0.2 R sun = 0.2 Rsun × 109 R earth [R sun = 109 R earth ] R GJ1214b = 12% of 20% of 109 R earth = 2.6 R earth Volume? (2.6) 3 = 17.6 Earth Volume Density: 6.55 M earth / 17.8 V Earth = 37% of Earth’s Density! Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M ⊙ - Transit Survey

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 GJ 1214b - The Ocean World GJ1214b: 5.7 M E planet at AU with 1.6 day period Nature Mass: 6.55 Earth Mass Density: 37% of Earth Density Stellar Luminosity: 0.3% of Sun Semi-major axis: AU Insolation: 15× that of Earth Equilibrium Temperature: A B = 0 T eq = 555 K = 539 F A B = 0.75 T eq = 393 K = 247 F Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M ⊙ - Transit Survey

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Chauvin et al MASS1207b - The Little Brown Dwarf and the Big Planet 2MASS1207b ~8 M Jup Brown dwarf, 62 pc, 0.025M ⊙ - Direct Imaging Planetary-mass Objects may form in Different Ways Temperature - Brightness - Radius Inconsistency

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Fomalhaut A3 star, 7 pc, 2.1 M ⊙ - Direct Imaging Mass < 3 M Jup Proj. separation: 115 AU Kalas et al Contribution from Scattered Light Unknown nature

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Golimowski et al. Kalas & Jewitt

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Beta Pic Lagrange et al Beta Pictoris A6 star, 19 pc, 1.8 M ⊙ - Direct Imaging Mass ~ 8 M Jup Proj. separation: 8 AU To be confirmed

Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 HR 8799 bcd Marois et al VLT/NACO A5 star, 39 pc, 1.5M ⊙ - Direct Imaging Marois et al HR8799b: 5-11 M J planet 68 AU (P~460yr) HR8799c: 7-13 M J planet at 38 AU (P~190yr) HR8799d: 7-13 M J planet at 24 AU (P~100yr) Perplexing System - Very High Relative Planet mass at very large separations!

Chauvin et al Marois et al MASS1207 Beta Pic Lagrange et al Kalas et al Grand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010 Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science Institute Hubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010

The Grand Tour of Exoplanets - Vast Diversity Observed Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute Dániel Apai Space Telescope Science Institute Summary - Super-Jupiters, Neptunes, Super-Earths Earths, - Planets close to the Habitable Zone - Earth-sized Planets - Atmospheric Properties and Composition Exciting Times for Planets! - Keep an Eye on NASA’s Kepler Mission!