The Cold War 1947 - 1989 Winston S. Churchill: "Iron Curtain Speech", March 5, 1946 A survey of the history and causes of the Cold War. Fall of the Berlin Wall – NOV 9, 1989

America’s Wars 1750 French Revolution 1812 3 Seminole Mexican 1850 & Indian Wars 1850 Civil Indian Boxer Spanish Philippine WWI Banana WWII Greek 1950 War Wars Rebellion American Insurrection Wars Civil 1950 Korea Cold Vietnam Nicaragua Desert Iraqi Afghanistan Present War Storm Freedom War is far more prevalent in US history than many believe. Timeline of America’s wars.

Factors Influencing Conduct of War Political Sociological A concise model to explain the factors causing change in warfare. A change in technology drives a change in sociology (man reacts to technological change) and a change in sociology causes a political reaction. Technological

Spectrum of War Risk Cost Warfare must be viewed in multiple forms with a varying cost/risk formula. For instance, a nuclear war is almost unknown but has an almost infinite degree of destruction and risk. Risk Crime Terrorism Guerrilla Lo-Intensity Conventional Limited Nuc. Nuclear

POSTWAR PARTITION OF GERMANY PRUSSIA BERLIN POLAND EAST WEST The Cold War arose from the ashes of WW2 in Europe. Germany was partitioned with the Soviets on one side and America with her other wartime allies on the other side. POSTWAR PARTITION OF GERMANY

The Cold War World The post WW2 world looked like this.

Mr. “X” or the “X Article” The Sources of Soviet Conduct By “X” George Kennan, Undersecretary of State Foreign Policy magazine, May 1947 Containment The basis of US foreign policy became the Policy of Containment first envisioned by George Kennan. Kennan published in Foreign Policy magazine under the name Mr. X.

The policy of Containment envisioned imposing a military and economic cordon around the USSR. USSR Containment

NATO Japan Greece Korea SEATO Vietnam China joined the ranks of Communist nations in 1949 and containment was stretched to include the nations pictured. Vietnam

The Cold War World Final picture of the Cold War world as it existed from 1954 to the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Cold War Events 1950-1955 Greek Civil War – MAR 1946 – OCT 1949 Truman Doctrine – MAR 1947; Marshall Plan 1948-1952 Berlin Airlift – JUN 1948 – MAY 1949 Communist conquest of China – 1934 - 1949 Russian Atomic Bomb – AUG 1949 Korean War – JUL 1950 - 1954 US Fusion Bomb – NOV 1952 Russian Fusion Bomb – AUG 1953 1st Indochinese War – 1946-1954 NATO – 1949, Warsaw Pact - 1955 Julius & Ethel Rosenberg – JUN 1953 McCarthy hearings – MAR - JUN 1954 Cold war events – 1945 - 1955

Greek Civil War 1946-1949 The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine came about as a result of the Greek Civil War and pledged assistance to anyone fighting against Communism.

British Mideast Occupation In the 1950s, Britain and France pulled out of the Mideast, redrawing the map of that region.

Partition of India 1947 The withdrawal of Britain from India destabilized that region and caused the partition on India based on religious lines.

Cold War Events 1950-1955 Greek Civil War – MAR 1946 – OCT 1949 Truman Doctrine – MAR 1947; Marshall Plan 1948-1952 Berlin Airlift – JUN 1948 – MAY 1949 Communist conquest of China – 1934 - 1949 Russian Atomic Bomb – AUG 1949 Korean War – JUL 1950 - 1954 US Fusion Bomb – NOV 1952 Russian Fusion Bomb – AUG 1953 1st Indochinese War – 1946-1954 NATO – 1949, Warsaw Pact - 1955 Julius & Ethel Rosenberg – JUN 1953 McCarthy hearings – MAR - JUN 1954 Cold War events 1950 - 1955

In WW2 China, Mao TseTung conducted combat operations against the Japanese.

After WW2, the Chinese Communists forced the Chinese Nationalists to withdraw to the island of Taiwan making China a Communist nation.

In Korea and Vietnam, Communists from the northern part of the country invaded the south

Mutual Assured Destruction(MAD) Triad – Manned Bombers, Land based Ballistic Missiles, Fleet Ballistic Missiles MIRV – Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle SDI – Strategic Defense Initiative – “Star Wars” Nuclear proliferation START – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) was the assurance that a nuclear war was unwinnable by anyone, therefore either side was extremely careful not to start an exchange or risk a nuclear confrontation.

Mutual Assured Destruction The Nuclear Triad MAD Mutual Assured Destruction US defenses rested on a Triad of round launched ICBMs, manned bombers and submarine launched missiles. At least some of these weapons would get through Soviet defenses if there was a war.

MIRV – Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle Nuclear missiles became even more deadly when each warhead became capable of carrying multiple weapons, or MIRVs.

Cold War Events – 1955-1991 Hungarian Revolution – 1956 Suez Canal Crisis – OCT 1956 Wars of National Liberation Space Race Cuban Revolution – 1958 Berlin Crisis & Berlin Wall 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 2d Indochinese War (Vietnam) – 1957-1975 Arab/Israeli 6 Day War - 1967 Czechoslovakian Invasion -1968 Sino America rapprochement - 1972 SALT 1 – 1972, SALT 2 – 1979 Arab Israeli 1973 War Soviet invasion of Afghanistan - 1980

Britain & the Middle East Another flash point became the Mideast when Israel was granted independence as a Jewish state. Britain & the Middle East

1973 Cease-Fire Lines Wars were fought between Israel and her Arab neighbors in 1949, 1956, 1967, and 1973.

The Great Cultural Revolution 1966-1976 While the US and the USSR struggled worldwide for dominance, China withdrew into itself during the Great Cultural Revolution.

Soviet Dissolution – 1980 - 1991 The USSR’s failed war in Afghanistan along with its ruined economy forced the Soviets to adopt a liberal Western form of government under Mikhail Gorbachev.

The Wall Comes Down – OCT-NOV 1989 Because of the failure of Communist governments in Russia, a partitioned Germany disappeared when the Berlin Wall came down.

The Cold War was over when the Wall came down but the focus of world politics has now shifted to the Indian Ocean. 50% of the world’s energy and 50% of its commerce transits the Indian Ocean. China and India have almost half of the world’s population.