1 EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008

2 States of Consciousness Chapter 6

3 Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves and our environment. Forms of Consciousness Bill Ling/ Digital Vision/ Getty Images Christine Brune Stuart Franklin/ Magnum Photos AP Photo/ Ricardo Mazalan

4 Selective Attention Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we experience. We intuitively make use of the information we are not consciously aware of.

5 Sleep & Dreams Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we inevitably succumb. Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just started unraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.

6 Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness. Termed our “biological clock,” it can be altered by artificial light. Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease (morning) melatonin from the pineal gland and increase (evening) it at night fall. Illustration © Cynthia Turner 2003

7 AM I SLEEP DEPRIVED? 1. I need an alarm clock in order to wake up at the appropriate time. 2. It’s a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning. 3. Weekday mornings I hit the snooze button several times to get more sleep. 4. I feel tired, irritable, and stressed-out during the week. 5. I have trouble concentrating and remembering.

8 AM I SLEEP DEPRIVED? 6. I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being creative. 7. I often fall asleep watching TV. 8. I often fall asleep in boring classes in warm rooms. 9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals. 10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner.

9 AM I SLEEP DEPRIVED? 11. I often fall asleep within five minutes of getting into bed. 12. I often feel drowsy while driving. 13. I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings. 14. I often need a nap to get through the day. 15. I have dark circles around my eyes.

10 HOW LARGE IS YOUR SLEEP DEBT? Complete survey: “How Large is Your Sleep Debt?” Count the number of yes responses.

11 SLEEP DEFICIT SCALE 4 or less: adequate sleep 5 or 6: most days adequate sleep 7 or 8: evidence of sleep debt that may cause a noticeable reduction in work efficiency 9-11: definitely a large sleep debt; random errors in work 12-14: quality of life suffers; less interested in things, less likely to socialize; may be a bit accident prone; temporary memory defects 15 and above: sleep debt a major problem; should seek professional help if attempts to increase sleep are unsuccessful

12 Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages. Sleep Stages Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

13 Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.

14 During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity. Sleep Stages 1-2 Theta Waves

15 During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps). Sleep Stages 3-4

16 Stage 5: REM Sleep After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibits Rapid Eye Movements (REM) and reports vivid dreams.

17 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.

18 Why do we sleep? We spend one-third of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several days, immune function and concentration deteriorates and the risk of accidents increases. Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis

19 Why Do We Sleep Think of a time when you were sleep deprived, describe the effect on you. Be specific regarding your concentration, mood, and physical symptoms. Have you ever become ill after going without sleep for a long time?

20 Sleep Deprivation 1.Fatigue and subsequent death. 2.Impaired concentration. 3.Emotional irritability. 4.Depressed immune system. 5.Greater vulnerability.

21 Accidents Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep

22 Sleep Theories 1.Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way. 2.Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue. 3.Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories. 4.Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.

23 SLEEP STRATEGIES Treating insomnia: –Sleep restriction: no more than 7 hours in bed; avoid naps; arise at same time every morning, including weekends –Stimulus control: go to bed only when sleep; bed only for sleep or relaxing activities; if you don’t fall asleep in 20 minute, stop trying and do something relaxing –Relaxation response training; use soothing visual imagery; rhythmic breathing, and muscle relaxation, at first in the daytime and then before sleep

24 Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep. We typically overestimate the amount of time (double) it takes to fall back to sleep and underestimate the length of time we sleep. Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up. Usually lasts less than 5 minutes Caused by an absence of hypothalamic neural center that produces a neurotransmitter called hypocretin. Sleep Disorders

25 SLEEP DISORDERS Sleep Apnea: temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary re-awakenings –Mostly overweight men –Often unaware –Risk factors: snores, feels tired, high blood pressure SIDS: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

26 Children are most prone to: Night terrors (incubus attack): The sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) which occur during Stage 4 sleep. Sleepwalking: A Stage 4 disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day. Sleeptalking: A condition that runs in families, like sleepwalking. Sleep Disorders

27 SLEEP DISORDERS REM BEHAVIOR DISORDER: Paralysis that is normal during REM does not exist –May act out dreams –Generally men –Can be dangerous

RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME A neurological movement disorder often associated with a sleep complaint. An almost irresistible urge to move legs, usually due to disagreeable leg sensations Often experience creeping, crawling, pulling or tingling sensations in the legs, relieved by moving or rubbing them 28

29 QUICK REVIEW Complete sleep log for last night List four sleep disorders Describe the sleep cycle, including –Length of time –Different stages –When and how REM changes

30 SLEEP/DREAM LOGS 1. What was the average number of hours your group slept per night? The average number of dreams remembered by your group per night? 2.Discuss your answers to #5 – 9. What conclusions can you draw? 3.Share your in-depth analysis of one dream, does it support your conclusions in #2 above? 4.Why do you think you remembered this particular dream?

31 STRANGELY FAMILIAR: RUBRIC FOR SUMMARY PARAGRAPH 1 – AGE GROUP WHO EXPERIENCE 2 – NOT AN HALLUCINATION OR FALSE MEMORY 3 – IMPLICIT MEMORY THEORY 4 – ATTENTION DEFICIT THEORY 5 -- PRIMING THEORY 6 – CHARACTERISTICS WHILE EXPERIENCING IT 7 – DOUBLE OR DELAYED PERCEPTION THEORY 8 – INVOLVEMENT OF TEMPORAL LOBE 9 – INVOLVES MANY AREAS OF THE BRAIN DEFINITION OF DEJA VU

32 Dreams The link between REM sleep and dreaming has opened up a new era of dream research.

33 What We Dream 1.Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. 2.Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. 3.Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30. Manifest Content: A Freudian term meaning the story line of dreams. With a Lucid Dream we are sufficiently awake to realize we are dreaming.

34 Why We Dream 1.Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud in The Interpretation of Dreams suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings. 2.Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.

35 Why We Dream 3.Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep.

36 Why We Dream 4.Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity. 5.Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development. All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.

37 Dream Theories Summary RA Activity: Dreams and Learning.

38 Hypnosis Hypnos: Greek god of sleep A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

39 Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion. Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? No.

40 Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No. Hypnotism Activity: Hand clasping and thirst demonstrations

41 Explaining the Hypnotized State 1.Social Influence Theory: Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role. 2.Divided Consciousness Theory: Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness (Hilgard, 1986, 1992). (Hilgard, 1992) Courtesy of News and Publications Service, Stanford University