Material Technology Asphalt

Asphalts – origin and manufacturer Binding agent produced from coal (coal tars, pitches, etc.,) Produced from crude oil Asphalt Cement: a dark brown or black colored bituminous materials used for hotmix asphalt Asphalt is viscous materials, means that exhibits both viscous and elastic behaviour hra

Asphalts – origin and manufacturer Asphalt (Europe & North America) It is means a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregates, such as rolled asphalt, mastic asphalt, gussaphalt) Asphalt (North America) is bitumen hra

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Production of Petroleum Asphalt Asphaltic Base Crude Oil Basic Type of Petroleum Paraffin Base Crude Oil Mixed Base Crude Oil hra

Distillation Process Distillation of petroleum is Fractional Produce by Physical Process hra

Production of Petroleum Asphalt STRAIGHT RUN PROCESS Overheating Chemical changes (Distillation process – under controlled) TWO STEPS OF PRODUCT PROCESS Pumping process (crude oil to tube heater) Distillation process hra

Atmospheric pressure distillation Series of traps to catch distillates Decreasing temperature Naphtha Gasoline Kerosene Diesel Oil To further distilling and cracking processes 5000F high pressure Still tube heater From storage Hot topped crude (atmospheric residuum) Path of Gas Level control of distillate Schematic Cross Section of distillate trap hra

Vacuum steam distillation Partial Vacuum Series of traps to catch distillates Light vacuum distillate Heavy vacuum distillate Non volatile oils 5000F high pressure Still tube heater Hot top crude steam Asphalt cement hra

The fractions of Petroleum Product Type Boiling Point (0F) Light Distillate Gasoline 100 – 400 Medium Distillate Kerosene 350 – 575 Heavy Distillate Diesel Oil 425 – 700 Very Heavy Distillate Lubricating Oil > 650 Residue Asphalt hra

Chemical composition Structure: Composition(%): High molecular-weight hydrocarbon CnH2+bXd (X = sulfur, Ni, O, trace-metal) (n = 25 – 150 atoms) Composition(%): Carbon 80 – 87 Nitrogen 0 - 1 Nitrogen 9 -11 Sulfur 0.5 – 7 Oxygen 2 – 8 Trace metal 0 – 0.5 Affecting: boiling point, solubility, viscosity hra

Molecular composition ALIPHATIC: Paraffin – carbon atom linked in straight or brain chains NAPTHENIC: Carbon atom are linked in simple-complex (condensed) saturated rings AROMATIC: Carbon atom are linked in especially stable benzene rings hra

Physical structure ASPHALTHENES 100% OILS 100% 100% RESINS hra

Constituent of A. C. Phase Component C/H Ratio Contribution Dispersion Oils < 0.4 Viscosity & Fluidity Dispersed Asphalthenes > 0.8 Strength & Stiffness Interfacial Resins -- 0.6 Adhesion & Ductility hra

SOL TYPE SOL-GEL TYPE GEL TYPE Asphalthenes are fully separated Still bound, but not closely Asphalthenes are discrete Viscous fluid Elastic when load applied Strongly bound in 3 D No elasticity In nature – visco-elastic Elastic, in-elastic, permanent deformation hra

increased decreased glass transition Temperature Properties of Asphalt: Function of: (Temperature; Chemical Nature; Volume of Constituent) Temperature increased decreased glass transition More dissolve in resin More dissolve in oils Less viscous Less soluble Micelle bound in ordered structure More viscous Frozen Rigid Brittle Visco-elastic solid hra

LIQUID ASPHALT Cutback asphalt Cutback Asphalt are produced by blending as asphalt cement with a hydrocarbon solvent Classified as based on curing phase: RC = rapid curing (asphalt mixed with gasoline); MC = medium curing; (asphalt mixed with kerosene) SC = slow curing (asphalt mixed with diesel oil) Grade range estimated based on viscosity) and types: RC range: RC 70 (70-100); RC 250 (200-300); RC 800 (800-1000); RC 3000 (3000-4000) MC range: MC 30 (30-40); MC 70 (70-140); MC 250 (200-500); MC 3000 (2000-6000) SC range: SC 70 (70-140); SC 250 (250-500); SC 800 (800-1600); MC 3000 (2000-6000) hra

Solvent Concentration (% volume) Cutback ASPHALT Type Base Asphalt Cement Solvent Solvent Concentration (% volume) Slow Curing (SC) Low viscosity High penetration DIESEL FUEL 0 - 50 Medium Curing (MC) Medium viscosity Medium penetration KEROSENE 15 – 45 Rapid Curing (RC) High viscosity – Low penetration NAPTHA/Gasoline hra

LIQUID ASPHALT Emulsified asphalt Emulsified Asphalt are produced by breaking asphalt cement into very fine droplets or particles and dispersing these in a mixture of water and a surface active emulsifying agent. Two type of emulsified asphalt: anionic and cationic Classified based on setting time: Anionic Emulsified Asphalt: RS = rapid setting: RS1; RS2 MS = medium settingMS2 SC= slow settingSS1; SS2 Cationic Emulsifed Asphalt: RS ; RS-2K; RS-3K MS ; SM-K; CM; K SS ; SS –K; SS-Kk hra

Specification for Asphalt Cement Test Penetration Grade 40 - 50 60 - 70 85 - 100 120 - 150 200 – 300 Min Max Penetration test at 250C 100 gram, 5 sec 40 50 60 70 85 100 120 150 200 300 Flash point 0F (Cleveland Open cup) 450 - 425 350 Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, cm 100* Solubility in trichloroethylene, % 99.0 Retained penetration after thin film oven test, % 55+ 52+ 47+ 42+ 37+ Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, after thin film oven test _ 75 Source: ASTM D946 Standard Specification for Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement for use in Pavement Construction hra

Method of Testing Penetration Specific Gravity Ductility Viscosity Flash Point Softening Point hra

Penetration To measure the hardness or softness of a bitumen material under a given set of condition The consistency test used to designate grade of asphalt cement Results (common used): Pen 40 - 50 60 - 70 85 - 100 120 - 150 200 - 300 Test Reference: ASTM D5 hra

Penetration D Asphalt Cement 770F or 250 C 100 gram Asphalt Cement 770F or 250 C D = penetration in units of 0.1 mm Load of 100 gram is applied for 5 second at 770F or 250 C hra

Specific Gravity Procedures: Specific Gravity = Reference: ASTM D70 (specific gravity and density of semi-solid bituminous materials) Procedures: The sample is heated until it can be poured The material is placed in a pycnometer The asphalt volume is determined by taking the difference between total vol of the bottle and the volume of water required to complete the filling Specific Gravity = A=weight of pycnometer B = weight of pycnometer filled w water C= weight of pycnometer partially filled with asphalt D= weight of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water (C – A) (C – A) – (D – C) hra

Ductility Procedures: Reference: ASTM D113 (Ductility of Bituminous Materials) Procedures: The two ends of briquette specimen are pulled apart at a specified speed and temperature in a liquid medium The ductility is measured by the distance to which it will elongated before breaking. Temperature test is 250C, elongation rate is 5 cm/minute Total elongation is average at max 200 cm The objective of test are: -adhesiveness; and –elasticity of asphalt hra

Media Cairan – alkohol atau cairan garam Ductility Machine Gaya Tarik Gaya Tarik Media Cairan – alkohol atau cairan garam Benang Aspal Klem hra

Panjang Sampel + pasca penarikan Ductility Test Result Panjang Sampel P kg Daerah Putus Panjang Sampel + pasca penarikan P kg hra

Adhession: Cohesion: Ductility Affects The ability to stick to aggregate particles in the pavement Refer to the molecular force that exists in the area of contact between unlike bodies Cohesion: The ability to hold the particles firmly in place The molecular force that acts to unite the particles (cohesive organization) Ductile material has an excellent adhesive and cohesive properties hra

Softening Point Transition between solid to liquid The higher the softening point, the less the temperature susceptibility hra

Softening Point RING and BALL method Reference: ASTM D 36 – 66T (test for softening point of Asphalts and Tar Pitches RING and BALL method Heat is applied to raise temperature from 410 F at a rate of 90 F/min The temperature is read from a thermometer at the instant the asphalt sample touches the bottom of a reference plate The temperature different between two balls do not exceed than 0.50 F hra

Softening Point - temperature asphalt asphalt heat hra

Durability Defined as the property that permits a pavement materials to withstand the detrimental effects of moisture, air and temperature. Affected by i.e., mix design; properties of aggregate; properties of asphalt; and workmanships. Method of test: -the thin film oven (ASTM D 1754); the rolling thin-film oven test (ASTM D 2872) hra

Oxidation: Durability The chemical reaction which takes place when asphalt is exposed to the oxygen in air It affect the hydrogen in the asphalt combines with oxygen in the air and is removed as water molecules. The loss of hydrogen increases the carbon/hydrogen ration, increases the hardness of materials and loss of ductility and adhesion. hra

Volatilization Durability Affected by temperature The process by which lighter hydrocarbons evaporates from the asphalt Causes loss of plasticity in asphalt The rate of oxidation and volatilization almost double for each 100C rise in temperature hra

Solubility To determine the amount of cementing agencies present Test reference ASTM D 4-52 To determine the amount of cementing agencies present This is useful for native asphalt To determine the amount of bitumen insoluble in naptha hra

Flash Point The flash point test are used to determine the temperature to which asphalt materials may be safely heated. The flash point is the heating temperature at which the vapor pressure is high enough to give off sufficient hydrocarbon vapors to form an explosive mixture with air when contacted with open flame. hra

Flash Point – temperature thermometer Asphalt sample gas heat hra

Temperature Susceptibility Asphalt will become harder (more viscous) with decrease in temperature and softer (less viscous) with increase in temperature. hra

A and B are of identical viscosity grade Asphalt B Viscosity Asphalt A Temperature hra

NATURAL ASPHALT hra

Types of Asphalts –binders – origin and manufacturer Lake Asphalts Rock Asphalt TAR Bitumen hra

Lake Asphalts Known as NATURAL Asphalt Found in well defined surface deposits, such as located in Trinidad (discover by Sir Walter Raleigh – 1595) Found in Venezuela, called as Bermuda Asphalt hra

Lake Asphalts Trinidad Lake Asphalt The lake is approximately 35 hectare and 90 meter deep, containing about 15 million ton of material. Assume as originated as a surface seepage of a viscous bitumen in lake Miocene times. Lowering of the earth’s surface led to an incursion of the sea and as a result deposited silt and clay over the bitumen. Part of silt and clay penetrated the bitumen, forming a plastic mixture of silt, clay, water and bitumen. Subsequently the land was elevated above sea level, lateral pressure deforming the material into its present shape of a pseudo-laccolite. Erosion remove the silt and clay covering exposing the surface of the lake. hra

Lake Asphalts the composition Trinidad Asphalt 30 percent water and gas 40 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide) 30 percent mineral matter hra

Lake Asphalts the characteristics Crude Trinidad Asphalt Penetration at 770 F is range 1,5 – 4,0 Ductility at 770 F is 3 Solubility in carbon disulfide is 57 – 57 percent hra

Lake Asphalts Bermuda Lake Asphalt The lake is approximately 445 hectare and 0,5 – 2,4 meter deep Containing the largest deposits (volume still unknown). Exuded ages ago through faults in the underlying rock strata To remove the asphalts a dam is built of slag and waste and the water is pumped out, asphalt is dig out by hand and loaded into small cars. The water is not thoroughly mixed with the asphalt. hra

Lake Asphalts the composition Bermuda Asphalt 60 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide) 3 percent insoluble non-mineral matter 2 percent mineral matter 30 percent water hra

Lake Asphalts the characteristics Crude Bermuda Asphalt Penetration at 770 F, is range 20 – 30 Ductility at 770 F is 11 Non-uniformity is Nature Solubility in carbon disulfide is 92 – 97 percent hra

Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer Formed by the impregnation of calcareous rocks (limestone; sandstones) with seepage of natural bitumen. The product can be mined (quarried) and contain approx. 12% mass bitumen Asphalt content on the rock vary to a approx. 20% Used as a mixture of the asphalt and the rock that contains it hra

Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer The advantages: It produces a non skid surface (often used as an anti-skid surfacing material) It is uniform in quality It is uniform in appearance hra

Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer The disadvantages: it sandy characteristic causes it to wear off easily and thus shorten its life cycle) It is comparatively expensive (available only in a limited location hra

Rock Asphalt other types Gilsonite: The deposit was found in Salt Lake City – UTAH – USA Found by S.H. Gilson Found in veins, more or less vertical and varying in width from a fraction of an inch to 18 ft Commonly known as ASPHALTITES (asphalt which has a high softening point) The color is not reflecting the hardness of asphalt, generally color is relatively light hra

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TAR origin and manufacturer hra

Bitumen origin and manufacturer hra