- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, venereal diseases) are among the most common infectious diseases in the United States today. STDs are sometimes referred to as sexually transmitted infections, since these conditions involve the transmission of an infectious organism between sex partners. More than 20 different STDs have been identified, and about 19 million men and women are infected each year in the United States, according to the CDC (2010).

Depending on the disease, the infection can be spread through any type of sexual activity involving the sex organs, the anus, or the mouth; an infection can also be spread through contact with blood during sexual activity. STDs are infrequently transmitted by any other type of contact (blood, body fluids or tissue removed from an STD infected person and placed in contact with an uninfected person); however, people that share unsterilized needles markedly increase the chance to pass many diseases, including STD's (especially hepatitis B), to others. Some diseases are not considered to be officially an STD (for example, hepatitis types A, C, E) but are infrequently noted to be transferred during sexual activity. Consequently, some authors include them as STD's, others do not. Consequently, lists of STD's can vary, depending on whether the STD is usually transmitted by sexual contact or only infrequently transmitted.AC

Frequently, STDs can be present but cause no symptoms, especially in women (for example, Chlamydia, genital herpes or gonorrhea). This can also occur in some men. Health problems and long-term consequences from STDs tend to be more severe for women than for men. Some STDs can cause pelvic infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which may cause a tubo-ovarian abscess. The abscess, in turn, may lead to scarring of the reproductive organs, which can result in an ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy outside the uterus), infertility or even death for a woman.pelvic inflammatory diseaseabscessectopic pregnancypregnancyinfertility Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection), an STD, is a known cause of cancer of the cervix.Human papillomavirus infectioncancer of the cervix  Many STDs can be passed from a mother to her baby before, during, or immediately after birth.  Because the method of becoming infected is similar with all STDs, a person often obtains more than one pathogenic organism at a time. For example, many people (about 50%) are infected at a single sexual contact with both gonorrhea and Chlamydia.

 STDs caused by bacteria  Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) Chancroid  Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) Chlamydia  Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhea) Gonorrhea  Granuloma inguinale (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis)  Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis) Lymphogranuloma venereum  Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) Syphilis  STDs caused by viruses  Genital herpes (herpes simplex virus) Genital herpes  Genital warts (human papillomavirus virus [HPV]) Genital warts  Hepatitis B and D, and infrequently, A*,C*,E* (hepatitis viruses, types A-E) Hepatitis B  HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV virus]) HIV/AIDS  Molluscum contagiosum* (poxvirus) Molluscum contagiosum

 STD caused by protozoan  Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Trichomoniasis  STD's* caused by fungi  Jock itch (Tenia cruris)* Jock itch  Yeast infections* (Candida albicans) Yeast infections  STD's caused by parasites  Pubic lice or crabs (Pediculosis pubis) Pubic lice  Scabies* Sarcoptes scabiei Scabies  For details about the pathogens that cause the diseases, the reader is urged to search the specific disease by simply clicking on it.

 STD caused by protozoan  Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Trichomoniasis  STD's* caused by fungi  Jock itch (Tenia cruris)* Jock itch  Yeast infections* (Candida albicans) Yeast infections  STD's caused by parasites  Pubic lice or crabs (Pediculosis pubis) Pubic lice  Scabies* Sarcoptes scabiei Scabies  For details about the pathogens that cause the diseases, the reader is urged to search the specific disease by simply clicking on it.

TRICHOMONIASIS  common cause of vaginitis. It is a sexually transmitted disease, and is caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis producing mechanical stress on host cells and then ingesting cell fragments after cell death. [1] Trichomoniasis is primarily an infection of the urogenital tract; the most common site of infection is the urethra and the vagina in women.vaginitissexually transmitted diseaseprotozoanTrichomonas vaginalis [1]urogenital tracturethra vagina

Symptoms  Typically, only women experience symptoms associated with Trichomonas infection. Symptoms include inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis), urethra (urethritis), and vagina (vaginitis) which produce an itching or burning sensation. Discomfort may increase during intercourse and urination. There may also be a yellow-green, itchy, frothy foul-smelling ("fishy" smell) vaginal discharge. In rare cases, lower abdominal pain can occur. Symptoms usually appear in women within 5 to 28 days of exposure. In many cases, men may hold the parasite for some years without any signs (dormant). Some sexual health specialists have stated that the condition can probably be carried in the vagina for years, despite standard tests being negative. While symptoms are most common in women, some men may temporarily exhibit symptoms such as an irritation inside the penis, mild discharge, or slight burning after urination or ejaculationcervicitisurethritisvaginitisintercourseurinationvaginal discharge

 Diagnosis  Trichomoniasis is diagnosed by visually observing the trichomonads via a microscope. In women, the examiner collects the specimen during a pelvic examination by inserting a speculum into the vagina and then using a cotton-tipped applicator to collect the sample. trichomonadsspeculum  Treatment  Treatment for both pregnant and non-pregnant patients usually utilizes metronidazole (Flagyl) but with caution especially in early stages of pregnancymetronidazole

 Complications  Research has shown a link between trichomoniasis and two serious sequelæ. Data suggest that:sequelæ  Trichomoniasis is associated with increased risk of transmission of HIV.HIV  Trichomoniasis may cause a woman to deliver a low- birth-weight or premature infant.premature  Trichomoniasis is also associated with increased chances of cervical cancercervical cancer  Evidence implies that infection in males potentially raises the risks of prostate cancerprostate cancer

 Prevention  Because trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease, abstinence is the preferred method to avoid contraction of this disease. Safe sex and hygiene practices may also help prevent trichomonas infection.abstinence contractionSafe sexhygiene  Wear condoms.  Wash before and after intercourse.  Don't share swimsuits or towels. (Trichomonads survive for up to 45 minutes outside the body.)  Shower immediately after swimming in a public pool.

Gonorrhea Caused by aerobic gram-negative diplococci (Neisseria gonorrhea) Gental – to gental contact Transmitted to newborn (ophthalmia neonatorum) Age younger than 20y Symptom: greenish –yellow purulent endocervical discharge mens. Irregulaities, lover abdo. Pain, pelvic pain- vaginitis (vaginal discharge), vulvitis, dysuria Diagnosis Culture should be obtained from, Endocervix, rectum  test for chlamydial &syphilis are recommended also  Management  Cure are usually rapid with appropriate antibiotics  Ex: one dose of ceftriaxone (125mg)  Treat the husband also it is communicable dz need to be recorded

Syphilis  Caused by treponema pallidum (motile spirochete)  Transmitted by kissing, biting, oral –genital sex transplacental transmission may occur anytime  Syphilis are complex dz can lead to serious systemic dz & even death can occur if untreated Symptom  painless lesion (chancre)  become ulcer  rash on palm  fever, headache  malaise Diagnosis  Serology

Syphilis  Management  Penicillin G one dose (2.4 million unit)  Check up after one month recommend repeated Rt may recommended