BASIC NAVIGATION Click on ‘F5’ to start.

Contents List. Click on a chapter. BASIC NAVIGATION Chapter 1 Basic Navigation. Chapter 2 The Compass. Chapter 3 Practical Navigation. Chapter 4 Weather. exit

Chapter 1 Basic Navigation

Chapter 1 Basic Navigation Good navigation is all about knowing where you are on a map.

What is navigation all about? a) Establishing your height above sea level. b) Knowing where you are on the map. c) Checking your position against GPS. d) Finding your latitude and longitude.

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What is navigation all about? a) Establishing your height above sea level. b) Knowing where you are on the map. c) Checking your position against GPS. d) Grid lines get closer together near the poles of the earth.

Longitude 45ºE 30ºE 15ºE 0º

Longitude 60ºW 45ºW 30ºW 15ºW 0º

Lines of longitude converge on the true north and south poles.

What happens to the lines of longitude as they approach the north pole? a) They stay parallel. b) They get closer together. c) They follow the grid lines exactly. d) They move apart.

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What happens to the lines of longitude as they approach the north pole? a) They stay parallel. b) They get closer together. c) They follow the grid lines exactly. d) They move apart.

Curved Earth to flat map?

Curved Earth to flat map?

Curved Earth to flat map?

The National Grid

The National Grid Grid lines point to Grid North. They are parallel and do not converge.

Longitude 2° West

Here, Grid North exactly equals True North Longitude 2° West Here, Grid North exactly equals True North

and other lines of longitude. Longitude 2° West and other lines of longitude.

The difference between Grid North and True North is less than 2º over most of the UK.

When navigating with a map it is important to use Grid North as your reference.

The difference between true north and grid north arises because: a) Lines of latitude are not parallel. b) Lines of latitude and longitude do not match grid lines exactly. c) Lines of latitude and longitude match grid lines exactly. d) Grid lines get closer together near the poles of the earth.

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The difference between true north and grid north arises because: a) Lines of latitude are not parallel. b) Lines of latitude and longitude do not match grid lines exactly. c) Lines of latitude and longitude match grid lines exactly. d) Grid lines get closer together near the poles of the earth.

Grid lines on a map: a) Point to grid north. b) Get closer together approaching the poles. c) Point to true north. d) Follow lines of latitude and longitude exactly.

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Grid lines on a map: a) Point to grid north. b) Get closer together approaching the poles. c) Point to true north. d) Follow lines of latitude and longitude exactly.

The difference between grid north and true north in the UK: a) Is not more than 2 degrees in most places. b) Is at least 2 degrees in most places. c) Changes a little each year. d) Always equals zero degrees.

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The difference between grid north and true north in the UK: a) Is not more than 2 degrees in most places. b) Is at least 2 degrees in most places. c) Changes a little each year. d) Always equals zero degrees.

When navigating with a map, which north must you always use for reference? a) True north. b) Grid north. c) Actual north. d) Magnetic north.

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When navigating with a map, which north must you always use for reference? a) True north. b) Grid north. c) Actual north. d) Magnetic north.

How many Norths do we have to consider when using an Ordnance Survey map? b) 2. c) 3. d) 4.

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How many Norths do we have to consider when using an Ordnance Survey map? b) 2. Grid North and Magnetic North c) 3. d) 4.

Before using a map, it is important to turn it so that the features on the map are in their correct relative position to those features on the ground.

This is known as ‘setting’ or ‘orientating’ the map. You should keep your map orientated at all times when walking.

It will help locate your approximate location more easily and relate any identifiable features on the ground to those on the map.

Setting a map is also known as: a) Turning. b) Mapping. c) Orientating. d) Clocking.

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Setting a map is also known as: a) Turning. b) Mapping. c) Orientating. d) Clocking.

Orientating a map can also be called: a) Ranging a map. b) Organising a map. c) Sighting a map. d) Setting a map.

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Orientating a map can also be called: a) Ranging a map. b) Organising a map. c) Sighting a map. d) Setting a map.

Setting or orientating a map is: a) Positioning your map relative to the features on the ground. b) Holding it flat and horizontal. c) Holding it so that the contour numbers are the right way for reading. d) Folding it correctly for use outdoors.

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Setting or orientating a map is: a) Positioning your map relative to the features on the ground. b) Holding it flat and horizontal. c) Holding it so that the contour numbers are the right way for reading. d) Folding it correctly for use outdoors.

Correctly orientating your map will help you to: a) Read place names more easily. b) Read the numbers on contour lines more easily. c) Measure distances more accurately. d) Determine your approximate location more easily.

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Correctly orientating your map will help you to: a) Read place names more easily. b) Read the numbers on contour lines more easily. c) Measure distances more accurately. d) Determine your approximate location more easily.

Why is it important to set a map before using it in the field? a) So that a compass can be used to follow the required direction over the ground. b) So that distances can be measured more easily. c) So that features on the ground seen by the observer can be easily related to features on the map. d) So that names printed on the map may be read more easily.

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Why is it important to set a map before using it in the field? a) So that a compass can be used to follow the required direction over the ground. b) So that distances can be measured more easily. c) So that features on the ground seen by the observer can be easily related to features on the map. d) So that names printed on the map may be read more easily.

There are several ways of finding North without a compass There are several ways of finding North without a compass. The following three methods apply in the northern hemisphere: The Pole Star Using a watch The shadow method

The stars of the constellation known as The Great Bear or The Plough can be used to locate the Pole Star? (True North) The Plough constellation comprises seven stars. These two are known as ‘the pointers’.

A line through the pointers, followed for a distance four times that between the pointers, will locate the Pole Star. Pole Star 4d d

Which star group can be used to find the Pole Star? a) Orion's Belt. b) The Crab Nebula. c) The Great Bear. d) The Milky Way.

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Which star group can be used to find the Pole Star? a) Orion's Belt. b) The Crab Nebula. c) The Great Bear. d) The Milky Way.

In this diagram of the star constellation The Plough, which letter indicates the correct position of the Pole Star? a) W b) X c) Y W d) Z X Y Z

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In this diagram of the star constellation The Plough, which letter indicates the correct position of the Pole Star? a) W b) X c) Y W d) Z X Y Z

If you can see the sun, hold your watch horizontally and point the hour hand at the sun. Bisecting the angle between the hour hand and the 12 o’clock position will give due south. south sun

If you can see the sun, hold your watch horizontally and point the hour hand at the sun. Bisecting the angle between the hour hand and the 12 o’clock position will give due south. south During British Summer Time remember to bisect the angle between the hour hand and the 1 o’clock position. sun

When using a watch to find north/south, what should be pointed towards the sun? a) The 12 of the watch face. b) The second hand. c) The minute hand. d) The hour hand.

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When using a watch to find north/south, what should be pointed towards the sun? a) The 12 of the watch face. b) The second hand. c) The minute hand. d) The hour hand.

You are on the Isle of Wight on 21 November at 4 pm (GMT) and you hold your watch flat and correctly aligned as in the previous question, which arrow will be pointing north? a) E b) F c) G d) H

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You are on the Isle of Wight on 21 November at 4 pm (GMT) and you hold your watch flat and correctly aligned as in the previous question, which arrow will be pointing north? a) E b) F c) G d) H

If the sun is shining sufficiently to cast a shadow, place a stick upright in the ground and mark the end of the shadow with a small stone.

If the sun is shining sufficiently to cast a shadow, place a stick upright in the ground and mark the end of the shadow with a small stone. Wait 10 to 15 minutes and use a second stone to mark the new new position of the stick’s shadow. A straight line between the two markers runs roughly West to East. East North West

See the diagram. While on expedition in South Wales a cadet places a stick in the ground and watches the shadow move from position 1 to position 2. Which arrow points north? a) W b) X c) Y d) Z

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See the diagram. While on expedition in South Wales a cadet places a stick in the ground and watches the shadow move from position 1 to position 2. Which arrow points north? a) W b) X c) Y d) Z

The Earth’s internal ‘Magnet’

Inclined to the Earth’s Axis

Inclined to the Earth’s Axis Magnetic North Pole Inclined to the Earth’s Axis

A compass needle will align itself with the earth’s magnetic field.

And point to the magnetic north pole.

But it moves slightly over the years. The North Magnetic Pole is in currently in Northern Canada (north of Hudson Bay). But it moves slightly over the years. CANADA

CANADA

1831 CANADA

1904 1831 CANADA

1948 1904 1831 CANADA

1962 1948 1904 1831 CANADA

1984 1962 1948 1904 1831 CANADA

1994 1984 1962 1948 1904 1831 CANADA

2000 1994 1984 1962 1948 1904 1831 CANADA

Since 1831 it has moved steadily north. 2000 1994 1984 1962 From the British Isles magnetic north is currently about 5° west of true north. 1948 1904 1831 CANADA

but over the longer term its movement seems random. ? but over the longer term its movement seems random. 2000 1994 1984 1962 1948 1904 1831 CANADA

Which physical property of the earth do we use when navigating using a compass? a) The surface is covered with lines of latitude and longitude. b) It has a magnetic field. c) It has a gravitational field. d) It rotates clockwise.

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Which physical property of the earth do we use when navigating using a compass? a) The surface is covered with lines of latitude and longitude. b) It has a magnetic field. c) It has a gravitational field. d) It rotates clockwise.

A freely suspended magnetic needle will point: a) To grid north. b) To the geographical North Pole. c) To the magnetic North Pole. d) Straight down to the ground.

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A freely suspended magnetic needle will point: a) To grid north. b) To the geographical North Pole. c) To the magnetic North Pole. d) Straight down to the ground.

The Earth's magnetic pole is located: a) In the same place as the true North Pole. b) In the same place as the grid North Pole. c) In northern Siberia. d) Slightly north of Hudson Bay in Canada.

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The Earth's magnetic pole is located: a) In the same place as the true North Pole. b) In the same place as the grid North Pole. c) In northern Siberia. d) Slightly north of Hudson Bay in Canada.

Which of the following statements about the direction of magnetic north from locations in the U.K. is true? a) It is the same as true north. b) It is the same as grid north. c) It is the same as both true and grid north. d) It differs from both true and grid north.

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Which of the following statements about the direction of magnetic north from locations in the U.K. is true? a) It is the same as true north. b) It is the same as grid north. c) It is the same as both true and grid north. d) It differs from both true and grid north.

The position of the magnetic north pole: a) Is the same as the true north pole. b) Only changes when new maps are issued. c) Is fixed and remains in the same place constantly. d) Is not fixed but changes its position a little every year.

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The position of the magnetic north pole: a) Is the same as the true north pole. b) Only changes when new maps are issued. c) Is fixed and remains in the same place constantly. d) Is not fixed but changes its position a little every year.

Which north changes its position slightly over the years? a) True north. b) Grid north. c) Geographic north. d) Magnetic north.

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Which north changes its position slightly over the years? a) True north. b) Grid north. c) Geographic north. d) Magnetic north.

Grid North is represented by an arrow with a triangular pointer.

True North is represented by an arrow with a diamond pointer.

Magnetic North is represented by an arrow with a half diamond pointer.

Which of these symbols represents magnetic north? a) W b) X c) Y d) Z

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Which of these symbols represents magnetic north? a) W b) X c) Y d) Z

Which of these symbols represents grid north? a) W b) X c) Y d) Z

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Which of these symbols represents grid north? a) W b) X c) Y d) Z

Which of these symbols represents true north? a) W b) X c) Y d) Z

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Which of these symbols represents true north? a) W b) X c) Y d) Z

The angle between True North and Magnetic North is Magnetic Variation.

The angle between Grid North and Magnetic North is called Grid Magnetic Angle.

Magnetic Variation is: a) The angular difference between true north and grid north. b) The angular difference between true north and magnetic north. c) The angular difference between grid north and magnetic north. d) The angular difference between grid lines and lines of longitude.

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Magnetic Variation is: a) The angular difference between true north and grid north. b) The angular difference between true north and magnetic north. c) The angular difference between grid north and magnetic north. d) The angular difference between grid lines and lines of longitude.

What is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north called? a) Magnetic deviation. b) Magnetic variation. c) Magnetic differential. d) Compass error.

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What is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north called? a) Magnetic deviation. b) Magnetic variation. c) Magnetic differential. d) Compass error.

The angular difference between grid north and magnetic north is: a) Magnetic difference angle. b) Magnetic variation. c) Grid variation. d) Grid magnetic angle.

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The angular difference between grid north and magnetic north is: a) Magnetic difference angle. b) Magnetic variation. c) Grid variation. d) Grid magnetic angle.

The angular difference between magnetic north and grid north on a map is known as: a) Grid deviation angle. b) Compass deviation angle. c) Magnetic deviation angle. d) Grid magnetic angle.

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The angular difference between magnetic north and grid north on a map is known as: a) Grid deviation angle. b) Compass deviation angle. c) Magnetic deviation angle. d) Grid magnetic angle.

Ordnance Survey Cheshire Sheet 117 1:50 000 Information on Grid Magnetic Angle is shown at the top of M726 series OS maps.

Ordnance Survey Cheshire Sheet 117 1:50 000 Information on Grid Magnetic Angle is shown at the top of M726 series OS maps.

Ordnance Survey Cheshire Sheet 117 1:50 000 Information on Magnetic Variation is shown in the right had margin of M726 series OS maps.

Ordnance Survey Cheshire Sheet 117 1:50 000 The ATC manual incorrectly states that magnetic variation is displayed at the bottom of OS maps – it no longer is!

Where, on an M726 OS map is the information on grid magnetic angle located? a) At the centre of the bottom margin. b) At the centre of the top margin. c) At the extreme left of the map. d) On the back of the map.

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Where, on an M726 OS map is the information on grid magnetic angle located? a) At the centre of the bottom margin. b) At the centre of the top margin. c) At the extreme left of the map. d) On the back of the map.

Where, on an M726 OS map is the information on magnetic variation located? a) At the top of the map. b) At the bottom of the map. c) At the extreme left of the map. d) On the back of the map.

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Where, on an M726 OS map is the information on magnetic variation located? a) At the top of the map. b) At the bottom of the map. c) At the extreme left of the map. d) On the back of the map.

What information is provided at the bottom of an M726 OS map? a) Sheet number. b) Magnetic variation. c) Grid magnetic angle. d) Abbreviations.

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What information is provided at the bottom of an M726 OS map? a) Sheet number. b) Magnetic variation. c) Grid magnetic angle. d) Abbreviations.

Contents List. Click on a chapter. BASIC NAVIGATION Chapter 1 Basic Navigation. Chapter 2 The Compass. Chapter 3 Practical Navigation. Chapter 4 Weather. exit

Chapter 2 The Compass

The ‘Silva’ compass consists of a base plate

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N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

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N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

N E S W

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a rotating bezel N E S W

marked with compass points and bearings a rotating bezel marked with compass points and bearings N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

N E S W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

and a freely suspended red and white magnetic needle 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

and a freely suspended red and white magnetic needle 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260 - red end pointing to Magnetic North

The needle is in a liquid filled capsule which ‘damps’ movement and helps it settle down quickly. 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

The compass must be held horizontally when taking readings to ensure the needle floats freely. 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

What is the compass we use for navigating when walking? a) Primatic compass. b) Standard RAF compass. c) DIC. d) Silva compass.

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What is the compass we use for navigating when walking? a) Primatic compass. b) Standard RAF compass. c) DIC. d) Silva compass.

On a Silva walking compass, what colour is the magnetic needle? a) White and blue. b) Blue and red. c) Red and black. d) Red and white.

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On a Silva walking compass, what colour is the magnetic needle? a) White and blue. b) Blue and red. c) Red and black. d) Red and white.

What is the purpose of liquid in the capsule of a compass? a) Increases the needle's sensitivity. b) Prevents the needle from moving. c) Allows the needle to be seen more clearly. d) Allows the needle to settle down quickly.

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What is the purpose of liquid in the capsule of a compass? a) Increases the needle's sensitivity. b) Prevents the needle from moving. c) Allows the needle to be seen more clearly. d) Allows the needle to settle down quickly.

When using a magnetic compass, why is it particularly important to hold it horizontal when taking a reading? a) To improve damping. b) To eliminate compass errors. c) To ensure that the needle floats freely. d) To minimise the effects of local magnetic attraction (e.g. from wire fences, electric cables etc.)

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When using a magnetic compass, why is it particularly important to hold it horizontal when taking a reading? a) To improve damping. b) To eliminate compass errors. c) To ensure that the needle floats freely. d) To minimise the effects of local magnetic attraction (e.g. from wire fences, electric cables etc.)

The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

The compass needle is a small magnet, so it is affected by ferrous metals close by. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260

This causes the compass needle to deviate from its true position. W 20 340 280 300 320 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 220 240 260 A nearby cattle grid, for instance, would cause considerable deviation.

Which of the following would be most likely to cause magnetic deviation if close to a compass? a) An aluminium tent pole. b) A tree. c) A plastic water bottle. d) A cattle grid.

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Which of the following would be most likely to cause magnetic deviation if close to a compass? a) An aluminium tent pole. b) A tree. c) A plastic water bottle. d) A cattle grid.

Which of the following would be most likely to cause magnetic deviation if close to a compass? a) A pencil. b) A plastic spoon. c) Paper. d) Iron.

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Which of the following would be most likely to cause magnetic deviation if close to a compass? a) A pencil. b) A plastic spoon. c) Paper. d) Iron.

A compass needle may be affected by iron objects close by A compass needle may be affected by iron objects close by. This is called: a) Magnetic orientation. b) Magnetic variation. c) Magnetic fluctuation. d) Magnetic deviation.

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A compass needle may be affected by iron objects close by A compass needle may be affected by iron objects close by. This is called: a) Magnetic orientation. b) Magnetic variation. c) Magnetic fluctuation. d) Magnetic deviation.

What is compass deviation? a) The difference between magnetic north and grid north. b) The difference between magnetic north and true north. c) The effects of non-magnetic and non-ferrous metals on a compass needle. d) The effects of nearby ferrous metals or magnetic materials on a compass needle.

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What is compass deviation? a) The difference between magnetic north and grid north. b) The difference between magnetic north and true north. c) The effects of non-magnetic and non-ferrous metals on a compass needle. d) The effects of nearby ferrous metals or magnetic materials on a compass needle.

Setting or Orientating a Map with a Compass

To set a map with a compass we must first set the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) against the direction arrow - say five degrees. N 010 350 020 N E S W

To set a map with a compass we must first set the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) against the direction arrow - say five degrees. N 010 350 020

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Place the compass on the map so that the long edge matches the N-S grid lines.

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 Now turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow.

The map is now correctly orientated. Cheshire Ordnance Survey Sheet 117 1:50 000 The map is now correctly orientated.

When setting a map with a compass, what is the first action? a) Turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow. b) Set the map down on a firm, non-magnetic surface. c) Determine the grid magnetic angle and set this value against the direction arrow of the compass. d) Place the compass onto the map with the long edge on a north/south grid line.

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When setting a map with a compass, what is the first action? a) Turn the map and compass together until the compass needle falls inside the orienting arrow. b) Set the map down on a firm, non-magnetic surface. c) Determine the grid magnetic angle and set this value against the direction arrow of the compass. d) Place the compass onto the map with the long edge on a north/south grid line.

The final step in setting a map with a compass is to: a) Turn the map and compass together until the needle is pointing south. b) Turn the map only until it is pointing north. c) Turn the compass only until it is pointing north. d) Turn the map and compass together until the needle is inside the orienting arrow.

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The final step in setting a map with a compass is to: a) Turn the map and compass together until the needle is pointing south. b) Turn the map only until it is pointing north. c) Turn the compass only until it is pointing north. d) Turn the map and compass together until the needle is inside the orienting arrow.

Taking a Bearing between Two Features on a Map

If we cannot see the church to walk to it from the trig point -

- we can take a bearing from the map

Place the long edge of the compass along the intended route W

Place the long edge of the compass along the intended route W

Place the long edge of the compass along the intended route W

Place the long edge of the compass along the intended route W

Place the long edge of the compass along the intended route W

Place the long edge of the compass along the intended route W

N E S W

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

then turn the bezel until the lines in the capsule are parallel with the grid lines

In the UK Magnetic North is west of Grid North 20 40 N E S W In the UK Magnetic North is west of Grid North

So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) 20 40 N E S W So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) 5 degrees

So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) 20 40 N E S W So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) 5 degrees

So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) 20 40 N E S W So we must add the Grid Magnetic Angle (GMA) 5 degrees

We can now take the compass away from the map -

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

and turn the whole compass until the needle falls inside the red arrow

The black arrow on the base plate now shows your direction of travel

The black arrow on the base plate now shows your direction of travel

Keep the compass needle inside the arrow whilst you walk on the bearing

Pick out a feature in the distance along your line of travel and walk towards it.

To take a bearing between 2 features on a map, you would first place the compass on the map so that its longest edge runs through both features and its direction of travel arrow points in your intended direction of travel. You would then: a) Turn the capsule on the compass to deduct the grid magnetic angle. b) Turn the map and compass together until the needle falls into the orienting arrow. c) Turn the capsule on the compass until the needle falls into the orienting arrow. d) Turn the capsule on the compass so that its orienting lines are parallel to the north-south grid lines.

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To take a bearing between 2 features on a map, you would first place the compass on the map so that its longest edge runs through both features and its direction of travel arrow points in your intended direction of travel. You would then: a) Turn the capsule on the compass to deduct the grid magnetic angle. b) Turn the map and compass together until the needle falls into the orienting arrow. c) Turn the capsule on the compass until the needle falls into the orienting arrow. d) Turn the capsule on the compass so that its orienting lines are parallel to the north-south grid lines.

The direction of a track drawn between two places on a map is measured against the grid-lines and found to be 102 degrees (grid). If magnetic north is five degrees west of grid north, what is the magnetic bearing of the track? a) 097 degrees (M) b) 107 degrees (M) c) 095 degrees (M) d) 102 degrees (M)

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The direction of a track drawn between two places on a map is measured against the grid-lines and found to be 102 degrees (grid). If magnetic north is five degrees west of grid north, what is the magnetic bearing of the track? a) 097 degrees (M) b) 107 degrees (M) c) 095 degrees (M) d) 102 degrees (M)

The grid bearing between two features on a map was measured to be 040 degrees (grid). If the grid magnetic angle is 6 degrees west of grid north, what is the magnetic bearing? a) 040 degrees b) 046 degrees c) 043 degrees d) 034 degrees

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The grid bearing between two features on a map was measured to be 040 degrees (grid). If the grid magnetic angle is 6 degrees west of grid north, what is the magnetic bearing? a) 040 degrees b) 046 degrees c) 043 degrees d) 034 degrees

A grid bearing from a M726 series OS map on which the magnetic variation is westerly, can be converted to a magnetic bearing by: a) Subtracting the angular difference between magnetic north and grid north. b) Adding the angular difference between magnetic north and grid north. c) Adding the angular difference between grid north and true north. d) Subtracting the angular difference between grid north and true north.

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A grid bearing from a M726 series OS map on which the magnetic variation is westerly, can be converted to a magnetic bearing by: a) Subtracting the angular difference between magnetic north and grid north. b) Adding the angular difference between magnetic north and grid north. c) Adding the angular difference between grid north and true north. d) Subtracting the angular difference between grid north and true north.

When walking on a bearing in good visibility, the best technique is to: a) Follow your compass and ignore the countryside. b) Send a team member out 50 metres and walk to there. c) Select an object 5 metres in front and walk to it. d) Select a distant feature that is along your intended route of travel.

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When walking on a bearing in good visibility, the best technique is to: a) Follow your compass and ignore the countryside. b) Send a team member out 50 metres and walk to there. c) Select an object 5 metres in front and walk to it. d) Select a distant feature that is along your intended route of travel.

Taking a Bearing on a Distant Object

To distant feature To take a bearing on a distant object, point the direction of travel arrow at the object. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

To distant feature Now turn the bezel and capsule until the orienting arrow is beneath the North end of the compass needle. N E S W

In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north To distant feature In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north N E S W

In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north To distant feature In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north - so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees N E S W

In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north - so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees E 100 080 N E S W

In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north - so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees E 100 080 N E S W

In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north - so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees E 080 100 N E S W

In the UK magnetic north is west of grid north - so we must subtract the Grid Magnetic Angle – five degrees E 080 100 N E S W

Place the compass on the map – it does not have to be orientated W

Place the compass on the map – it does not have to be orientated W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Next turn the whole compass until the orienting lines in the capsule are parallel to the N-S grid lines N E S W

Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

Keeping the lines parallel, slide the compass until the long edge is over the symbol representing the object you first took the bearing upon N E S W

The top edge of the compass now runs through your own position and the symbol of the distant object.

The top edge of the compass now runs through your own position and the symbol of the distant object.

Plotting further ‘back bearings’ from other features will accurately locate your position.

Plotting further ‘back bearings’ from other features will accurately locate your position.

This is known as ‘resection’. Plotting further ‘back bearings’ from other features will accurately locate your position. This is known as ‘resection’.

When using a compass to take a bearing on a distant object, you would first of all: a) Turn the capsule to subtract the grid magnetic angle. b) Align the red compass needle to point at the object. c) Point the direction of travel arrow at the object. d) Turn the capsule so that the orienting arrow points at the object.

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When using a compass to take a bearing on a distant object, you would first of all: a) Turn the capsule to subtract the grid magnetic angle. b) Align the red compass needle to point at the object. c) Point the direction of travel arrow at the object. d) Turn the capsule so that the orienting arrow points at the object.

You are at a point where variation is 2 degrees W and grid magnetic angle is 5 degrees W. If the compass bearing of a church is 350 degrees, what is its grid bearing? a) 343 degrees. b) 345 degrees. c) 347 degrees. d) 348 degrees.

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You are at a point where variation is 2 degrees W and grid magnetic angle is 5 degrees W. If the compass bearing of a church is 350 degrees, what is its grid bearing? a) 343 degrees. b) 345 degrees. c) 347 degrees. d) 348 degrees.

You are at a point where variation is 1 degree W and grid magnetic angle is 6 degrees W. If the compass bearing of a trig point 150 degrees, what is its grid bearing? a) 143 degrees. b) 144 degrees. c) 156 degrees. d) 157 degrees.

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You are at a point where variation is 1 degree W and grid magnetic angle is 6 degrees W. If the compass bearing of a trig point 150 degrees, what is its grid bearing? a) 143 degrees. b) 144 degrees. c) 156 degrees. d) 157 degrees.

How can we remember when changing magnetic bearings to grid bearings? a) MAG to GRID - ADD. b) MAG to GRID – get RID. c) Always minus. d) Always plus.

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How can we remember when changing magnetic bearings to grid bearings? a) MAG to GRID - ADD. b) MAG to GRID – get RID. c) Always minus. d) Always plus.

If you wanted to fix your position on a map by reference to prominent landmarks within your field of vision, what would give the best result? a) One bearing giving a position line. b) Two bearings crossing. c) Three bearings crossing to give a small position triangle. d) Three bearings crossing to give a large position triangle.

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If you wanted to fix your position on a map by reference to prominent landmarks within your field of vision, what would give the best result? a) One bearing giving a position line. b) Two bearings crossing. c) Three bearings crossing to give a small position triangle. d) Three bearings crossing to give a large position triangle.

What is resection? a) Back track. b) Use reciprocal bearings. c)Take three bearings to separate features and the middle of the triangle is your position. d) Draw a cross section of the surrounding contours.

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What is resection? a) Back track. b) Use reciprocal bearings. c) Take three bearings to separate features and the middle of the triangle is your position. d) Draw a cross section of the surrounding contours.

Grid References

The country is covered in 100 km squares.

Each of the 100km squares are divided into 1km squares.

The vertical lines are ‘eastings’ and are numbered. 41 42 43 44

The horizontal lines are ‘northings’ and are also numbered. 72 71 70 69 68 67 41 42 43 44

A four figure grid reference defines the bottom left hand corner of a 1km square. 72 71 70 69 68 GR 4369 67 41 42 43 44

’43’ the easting 72 71 70 69 68 GR 4369 67 41 42 43 44

’43’ the easting ’69’ the northing GR 4369 72 71 70 69 68 67 41 42 43 44

This is the 1km square described by the four figure reference. 72 71 70 69 68 GR 4369 67 41 42 43 44

The easting ’43’ is always given first, followed by the northing ’69’ 72 71 70 69 68 GR 4369 67 41 42 43 44

Exactly as in mathematics where the ‘x’ axis figure is given before the ‘y’ axis component. 72 71 70 69 68 GR 4369 67 41 42 43 44

70 Dividing the 1km square into 100m squares enables us to give accurate 6-figure grid references. 69 43 44

70 A six-figure reference describes the bottom left hand corner of a 100m square. 69 43 44 GR 437692

’43’ is the easting of this 1km square. 70 ’43’ is the easting of this 1km square. 69 43 44 GR 437692

’43’ is the easting of this 1km square. 70 ’43’ is the easting of this 1km square. 69 43 44 GR 437692

70 69 43 44 ’43’ is the easting of this 1km square. The ‘7’ moves us a further 7 100m squares east. 69 43 44 GR 437692

70 69 43 44 ’43’ is the easting of this 1km square. The ‘7’ moves us a further 7 100m squares east. 69 43 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 44 GR 437692

’69’ is the northing of this 1km square. 70 ’69’ is the northing of this 1km square. 69 43 44 GR 437692

’69’ is the northing of this 1km square. 70 ’69’ is the northing of this 1km square. 69 43 44 GR 437692

70 69 43 44 ’69’ is the northing of this 1km square. The ‘2’ moves us a further 2 100m squares north. 69 43 44 GR 437692

70 69 43 44 ’69’ is the northing of this 1km square. The ‘2’ moves us a further 2 100m squares north. 2 1 69 43 44 GR 437692

This is the point described by the six-figure reference, 70 This is the point described by the six-figure reference, 69 43 44 GR 437692

70 69 43 44 This is the point described by the six-figure reference, and this is the 100m square it refers to. 69 43 44 GR 437692

70 Note that a six-figure reference describes the southwest corner of a 100m square. 69 43 44

Most compass bases will have one corner marked with a grid of numbers. 2 4 6 8 This is a ROAMER

Roamers can be used to find six figure grid references very accurately. 2 4 6 8

08 Place the corner of the roamer on the feature and read from where the scales intersect the grid lines, 2 4 6 8 eastings first. 07 37 38

The first three figures in the grid reference of the church are 373 08 The first three figures in the grid reference of the church are 373 2 4 6 8 3 37 from the grid square the final 3 from the roamer. 07 37 38

The last three figures in the grid reference of the church are 078 08 The last three figures in the grid reference of the church are 078 2 4 6 8 07 from the grid square the final 8 from the roamer. 07 8 37 38

the final 7 from the roamer. 08 Here the first three figures in the grid reference of the Hostel are 377 2 4 6 8 7 37 from the grid square the final 7 from the roamer. 07 37 38

The last three figures in the grid reference of the Hostel are 075 08 The last three figures in the grid reference of the Hostel are 075 2 4 6 8 07 from the grid square the final 5 from the roamer. 07 5 37 38

When using an M726 1:50,000 map, a four figure grid reference will define a 1 kilometre square on the map. The four figure reference refers to a particular corner of the square: which corner? a) NW b) SW c) SE d) NE

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When using an M726 1:50,000 map, a four figure grid reference will define a 1 kilometre square on the map. The four figure reference refers to a particular corner of the square: which corner? a) NW b) SW c) SE d) NE

A roamer would be used in finding: a) A relative bearing. b) The average gradient. c) A grid reference point. d) The direction of a track.

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A roamer would be used in finding: a) A relative bearing. b) The average gradient. c) A grid reference point. d) The direction of a track.

What is a roamer? a) Reads off the grid reference. b) Acts as a magnifier. c) Ensures better accuracy. It finds a position to the third grid reference point on a Silva compass. d) Helps you to navigate.

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What is a roamer? a) Reads off the grid reference. b) Acts as a magnifier. c) Ensures better accuracy. It finds a position to the third grid reference point on a Silva compass. d) Helps you to navigate.

In the diagram below the six figure GR shown would be: c) 375 073 d) 373 075

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In the diagram below the six figure GR shown would be: c) 375 073 d) 373 075

In the diagram below, the six figure GR shown would be: c) 067 368 d) 068 367

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In the diagram below, the six figure GR shown would be: c) 067 368 d) 068 367

Contents List. Click on a chapter. BASIC NAVIGATION Chapter 1 Basic Navigation. Chapter 2 The Compass. Chapter 3 Practical Navigation. Chapter 4 Weather. exit

Chapter 3 Practical Navigation

It is important to measure distances accurately when hillwalking. Measuring Distances It is important to measure distances accurately when hillwalking. By measuring distances accurately you can calculate and gauge your speed of travel.

Measuring distances accurately whilst hillwalking is important because it: a) Chooses the shortest route. b) Calculates your speed of travel. c) Keeps you on schedule. d) Pinpoints your position accurately.

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Measuring distances accurately whilst hillwalking is important because it: a) Chooses the shortest route. b) Calculates your speed of travel. c) Keeps you on schedule. d) Pinpoints your position accurately.

Timing If you know how fast you walk, you can work out how long it will take you to cover a known distance. 1 km 15 mins For instance, if a cadet is able to walk 1km over reasonably flat ground in 15 minutes, it would take one hour to cover 4km in similar terrain.

Timing If you know how fast you walk, you can work out how long it will take you to cover a known distance. 1 km 1 km 1 km 1 km 15 mins 15 mins 15 mins 15 mins For instance, if a cadet is able to walk 1km over reasonably flat ground in 15 minutes, it would take one hour to cover 4km in similar terrain.

Timing If you know how fast you walk, you can work out how long it will take you to cover a known distance. 4 km 60 minutes For instance, if a cadet is able to walk 1km over reasonably flat ground in 15 minutes, it would take one hour to cover 4km in similar terrain.

A cadet is able to walk 1 km over reasonably flat ground in 20 minutes A cadet is able to walk 1 km over reasonably flat ground in 20 minutes. How long would it take him to cover 4.5 km in similar terrain? a) 40 minutes. b) 60 minutes. c) 90 minutes. d) 120 minutes.

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A cadet is able to walk 1 km over reasonably flat ground in 20 minutes A cadet is able to walk 1 km over reasonably flat ground in 20 minutes. How long would it take him to cover 4.5 km in similar terrain? a) 40 minutes. b) 60 minutes. c) 90 minutes. d) 120 minutes.

Whilst walking over reasonably flat ground, a cadet takes 1 hour to cover 3 km. How long will it take him to walk 500 m at the same speed? a) 10 mins. b) 15 mins. c) 20 mins. d) 60 mins.

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Whilst walking over reasonably flat ground, a cadet takes 1 hour to cover 3 km. How long will it take him to walk 500 m at the same speed? a) 10 mins. b) 15 mins. c) 20 mins. d) 60 mins.

Naismith’s Rule In 1892 a Scottish climber called Naismith devised a rule to calculate walking speeds. His basic rule assumed a walking speed of 4km per hour over normal (flat) terrain. 4 km 60 minutes

Naismith’s Rule Climbing took more time, so he added 30 minutes for every 200m of climbing. 600m +10 mins +30 mins 400m Steep descents also need extra care and time, so he added 10 minutes for every 200m of steep descent.

Naismith's Rule applies to the calculation of: a) Gradients. b) Shapes depicted by contour lines. c) Headings and bearings. d) The speed of advance on foot in mountainous country.

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Naismith's Rule applies to the calculation of: a) Gradients. b) Shapes depicted by contour lines. c) Headings and bearings. d) The speed of advance on foot in mountainous country.

What is Naismith's Rule? a) 3 kph overall. b) 5 kph plus an hour for any climbing. c) 5 kph overall. d) 4 kph as measured on the map plus half an hour for every 200m climbed.

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What is Naismith's Rule? a) 3 kph overall. b) 5 kph plus an hour for any climbing. c) 5 kph overall. d) 4 kph as measured on the map plus half an hour for every 200m climbed.

How can you estimate distance covered from your last checkpoint? a) Use your mobile phone. b) Use a pedometer. c) Consult your GPS. d) Measure the time take and calculate at 4Km per hour.

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How can you estimate distance covered from your last checkpoint? a) Use your mobile phone. b) Use a pedometer. c) Consult your GPS. d) Measure the time take and calculate at 4Km per hour.

How much time should be added to a journey on foot for every 200 meters climbed using Naismith's Rules? a) 15 minutes. b) 20 minutes. c) 25 minutes. d) 30 minutes.

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How much time should be added to a journey on foot for every 200 meters climbed using Naismith's Rules? a) 15 minutes. b) 20 minutes. c) 25 minutes. d) 30 minutes.

How much time should be added to a journey on foot for every 200 meters of steep descent, using Naismith's Rules? a) 5 minutes. b) 10 minutes. c) 15 minutes. d) 20 minutes.

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How much time should be added to a journey on foot for every 200 meters of steep descent, using Naismith's Rules? a) 5 minutes. b) 10 minutes. c) 15 minutes. d) 20 minutes.

but only over short distances! Pacing Distance can be measured by counting paces, or every other pace, and with practise can be very accurate - but only over short distances!

Pacing can be an accurate way of measuring distances if carried out over: a) Long distances. b) Medium distances. c) Short distances. d) 5000 paces.

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Pacing can be an accurate way of measuring distances if carried out over: a) Long distances. b) Medium distances. c) Short distances. d) 5000 paces.

Errors No method of estimating distance is entirely accurate, and when you add errors in measuring direction as well, your ‘area of uncertainty’ can grow very quickly.

Errors If you assume a possible error of plus or minus 10% measuring distance and plus or minus 4% measuring direction:

Errors After 1 km the area of uncertainty is about the size of 4 football pitches. 1 km

The area of uncertainty continues to increase with distance travelled Errors The area of uncertainty continues to increase with distance travelled 2 km

and after only 3 km is the size of 36 football pitches! Errors and after only 3 km is the size of 36 football pitches! ? 3 km

Errors To keep the area of uncertainty to a minimum it is important to measure bearings and distances as accurately as possible. 3 km

Measuring distances accurately whilst out walking helps you particularly to: a) Choose the shortest route. b) Reduce the area of uncertainty in your position. c) Calculate magnetic variation. d) Calculate the gradient.

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Measuring distances accurately whilst out walking helps you particularly to: a) Choose the shortest route. b) Reduce the area of uncertainty in your position. c) Calculate magnetic variation. d) Calculate the gradient.

When navigating, in order to reduce the area of uncertainty to a minimum, you should: a) Always follow paths. b) Never follow contours. c) Measure distances and bearings as accurately as possible. d) Walk as quickly as possible to your destination.

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When navigating, in order to reduce the area of uncertainty to a minimum, you should: a) Always follow paths. b) Never follow contours. c) Measure distances and bearings as accurately as possible. d) Walk as quickly as possible to your destination.

Aids to Navigation Good navigators rely on a number of useful techniques to improve their navigation.

Aids to Navigation Handrailing If a track or path leads directly to where you want to go, it would make sense to follow it. You could also use a wall, stream, ridge, electricity pylons, or any other linear feature that leads the right way.

Aids to Navigation Handrailing You would be using the linear feature as a ‘handrail’. v

Aids to Navigation Aiming Off Imagine you wish to cross a river at the bridge, if you aim directly for the footbridge you may miss it.

Aids to Navigation Aiming Off On reaching the stream you would not know which way to turn to find the bridge.. ? ?

Aids to Navigation Aiming Off Instead, if you deliberately ‘aim off’ you would know which way to turn when you do reach the stream.

Aids to Navigation Contouring Is it better to go round a hill or up and over the top? Going round the hill, neither gaining or losing height is called ‘contouring’. Contouring – following the lines of the contours – takes less effort, but may take longer.

Aids to Navigation Attack Points An attack point is an easily identifiable feature close to your target. It sometimes pays to go slightly out of your way to increase your chances of successfully reaching your final objective.

A cadet decides to follow a stream down from the hillside because she knows that the stream runs close to her campsite. The cadet is using a navigational technique known as: a) Aiming off. b) Resection. c) Handrailing. d) Contouring.

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A cadet decides to follow a stream down from the hillside because she knows that the stream runs close to her campsite. The cadet is using a navigational technique known as: a) Aiming off. b) Resection. c) Handrailing. d) Contouring.

Handrailing is the term for: a) Aiming for a prominent feature close to your destination. b) Following linear features to get to your destination. c) Walking on a compass bearing. d) Avoiding climbing by maintaining height.

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Handrailing is the term for: a) Aiming for a prominent feature close to your destination. b) Following linear features to get to your destination. c) Walking on a compass bearing. d) Avoiding climbing by maintaining height.

Following linear features to guide you to your destination is known as: a) Aiming off. b) Using attack points. c) Handrailing. d) Contouring.

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Following linear features to guide you to your destination is known as: a) Aiming off. b) Using attack points. c) Handrailing. d) Contouring.

Walking around a hill without gaining or losing height is called: a) Handrailing. b) Pacing. c) Contouring. d) Aiming off.

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Walking around a hill without gaining or losing height is called: a) Handrailing. b) Pacing. c) Contouring. d) Aiming off.

Contouring means: a) Losing as much height as possible. b) Gaining as much height as possible. c) Walking around a hill. d) Walking over a hill.

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Contouring means: a) Losing as much height as possible. b) Gaining as much height as possible. c) Walking around a hill. d) Walking over a hill.

An attack point would be: a) Any trig point. b) Any prominent feature close to your objective. c) Any prominent feature that can be easily identified. d) The summit of any hill.

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An attack point would be: a) Any trig point. b) Any prominent feature close to your objective. c) Any prominent feature that can be easily identified. d) The summit of any hill.

Contents List. Click on a chapter. BASIC NAVIGATION Chapter 1 Basic Navigation. Chapter 2 The Compass. Chapter 3 Practical Navigation. Chapter 4 Weather. exit

Chapter 4 Weather

There are six main air masses that affect the weather in the British Isles, each having its own distinct characteristics.

These characteristics also change by season. There are six main air masses that affect the weather in the British Isles, each having its own distinct characteristics. Polar Maritime Arctic Maritime Polar Continental Returning Polar Maritime Tropical Maritime Tropical Continental These characteristics also change by season.

Tropical Continental air originates in North Africa. In Summer it is very hot and hazy with occasional thunderstorms. Tropical Continental

It brings warm and wet air all year round. Tropical Maritime air originates over the warm Atlantic Ocean near the equator. Tropical Maritime Tropical Continental It brings warm and wet air all year round.

In the figure below, which mass is called Tropical Continental? a) Z b) X c) U d) W U V W X Y Z

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In the figure below, which mass is called Tropical Continental? a)Z b) X c) U d) W U V W X Y Z

In the figure below, which mass is called Tropical Maritime? a) Z b) X c) U d) W U V W X Y Z

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In the figure below, which mass is called Tropical Maritime? a) Z b) X c) U d) W U V W X Y Z

Which air mass originates around the equator and brings warm, cloudy weather to the U.K. in both summer and winter? a) Arctic Maritime. b) Polar Maritime. c) Tropical Continental. d) Tropical Maritime.

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Which air mass originates around the equator and brings warm, cloudy weather to the U.K. in both summer and winter? a) Arctic Maritime. b) Polar Maritime. c) Tropical Continental. d) Tropical Maritime.

Which air mass originates in North Africa and brings hot, dry weather with occasional thunderstorms to the U.K. in summer? a) Arctic Maritime. b) Polar Continental. c) Tropical Continental. d) Tropical Maritime.

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Which air mass originates in North Africa and brings hot, dry weather with occasional thunderstorms to the U.K. in summer? a) Arctic Maritime. b) Polar Continental. c) Tropical Continental. d) Tropical Maritime.

Polar Maritime originates in North Canada and Greenland. It brings cool winds and heavy showers to the U.K. in both summer and winter. Tropical Maritime Tropical Continental

It is much warmer and wetter than Polar Maritime air. Returning Polar Maritime originates in Canada as cold dry air, but moves south over the Atlantic and picks up water vapour. Polar Maritime Returning Polar Maritime Tropical Maritime Tropical Continental It is much warmer and wetter than Polar Maritime air.

In the figure below, which mass is called Polar Maritime? a) Z b) X c) U d) W U V W X Y Z

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In the figure below, which mass is called Polar Maritime? a) Z b) X c) U d) W U V W X Y Z

Which air mass starts off very cold with dry air but arrives in the U Which air mass starts off very cold with dry air but arrives in the U.K. warm and wet? a) Arctic Maritime. b) Polar Maritime. c) Returning Polar Maritime. d) Tropical Continental.

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Which air mass starts off very cold with dry air but arrives in the U Which air mass starts off very cold with dry air but arrives in the U.K. warm and wet? a) Arctic Maritime. b) Polar Maritime. c) Returning Polar Maritime. d) Tropical Continental.

Which air mass originates in the north of Canada and Greenland, brings cool winds and heavy showers to the UK both summer and winter? a) Polar Continental. b) Polar Maritime. c) Tropical Continental. d) Arctic Maritime.

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Which air mass originates in the north of Canada and Greenland, brings cool winds and heavy showers to the UK both summer and winter? a) Polar Continental. b) Polar Maritime. c) Tropical Continental. d) Arctic Maritime.

Returning Polar Maritime Arctic Maritime air originates in cold Arctic seas and picks up little moisture as it travels south. Polar Maritime Arctic Maritime Returning Polar Maritime Tropical Maritime Tropical Continental Always very cold, with heavy showers in summer and heavy snow in winter.

Polar Continental air originates in Siberia. Polar Maritime Arctic Maritime Polar Continental Returning Polar Maritime It is cold in winter but warm in summer. Tropical Maritime Tropical Continental The short sea track to the south of England means it stays quite dry with little cloud.

Polar Continental air originates in Siberia. Polar Maritime Arctic Maritime Polar Continental Returning Polar Maritime It is cold in winter but warm in summer. Tropical Maritime Tropical Continental The longer North Sea track means much wetter weather for Scotland and Northern England.

In the figure below, which mass is called Arctic Maritime? a) Z b) X c) U d) W U V W X Y Z

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In the figure below, which mass is called Arctic Maritime? a) Z b) X c) U d) W U V W X Y Z

In the figure below, which mass is called Polar Continental? a) Z b) V c) Y d) U U V W X Y Z

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In the figure below, which mass is called Polar Continental? a) Z b) V c) Y d) U U V W X Y Z

Which air mass originates in Siberia and brings to the U. K Which air mass originates in Siberia and brings to the U.K. warm weather in summer and cold weather in winter? a) Arctic Maritime. b) Polar Continental. c) Tropical Continental. d) Tropical Maritime.

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Which air mass originates in Siberia and brings to the U. K Which air mass originates in Siberia and brings to the U.K. warm weather in summer and cold weather in winter? a) Arctic Maritime. b) Polar Continental. c) Tropical Continental. d) Tropical Maritime.

Which of these types of air mass brings cold dry weather with little or no cloud to the British Isles in winter? a) Polar continental via the short sea track. b) Polar maritime. c) Polar continental via the long sea track. d) Returning polar maritime.

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Which of these types of air mass brings cold dry weather with little or no cloud to the British Isles in winter? a) Polar continental via the short sea track. b) Polar maritime. c) Polar continental via the long sea track. d) Returning polar maritime.

Fronts and Depressions Fronts and depressions are the cause of most of the poor weather we experience. To try and understand what is happening in the atmosphere meteorologists draw charts joining points of equal pressure – isobars.

Fronts and Depressions Isobars appear similar to contours on relief maps – and have many similarities. The distance between contours indicates the steepness of hills. shallow slope steep slope

Fronts and Depressions The distance between isobars indicates the pressure gradient which in turn determines the strength of the winds. shallow pressure gradient = light winds steep pressure gradient = strong winds

L Fronts and Depressions Depressions are areas of low atmospheric pressure. They are the cause of much of the poor weather in the U.K. L

Fronts and Depressions

Fronts and Depressions At our latitudes a typical depression moves slowly from west to east.

Fronts and Depressions They usually have cold polar air to the north - cold air and a segment of warm tropical maritime air in the south. warm air

Fronts and Depressions Fronts occur where a warm air mass meets a cold air mass. cold air Semicircles denote a warm front. warm air

Fronts and Depressions Fronts occur where a warm air mass meets a cold air mass. cold air Triangles denote a cold front. warm air

Fronts and Depressions Cold fronts move slightly faster than warm fronts. cold air When both fronts meet, the warm segment air is lifted off the ground by the colder air. warm air

Fronts and Depressions Cold fronts move slightly faster than warm fronts. cold air When both fronts meet the warm segment air is lifted off the ground by the colder air.

Fronts and Depressions The result is an occluded front - cold air symbolised by alternate semicircles and triangles.

Lines on a weather chart joining all points of equal pressure are called: a) Cold Fronts. b) Occluded Fronts. c) Warm Fronts. d) Isobars.

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Lines on a weather chart joining all points of equal pressure are called: a) Cold Fronts. b) Occluded Fronts. c) Warm Fronts. d) Isobars.

Isobars are drawn on a weather map joining points of equal: a) Temperature. b) Humidity. c) Windspeed. d) Pressure.

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Isobars are drawn on a weather map joining points of equal: a) Temperature. b) Humidity. c) Windspeed. d) Pressure.

An area of low pressure is also known as: a) An Anticyclone. b) An Occluded Front. c) A Warm Front. d) A Depression.

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An area of low pressure is also known as: a) An Anticyclone. b) An Occluded Front. c) A Warm Front. d) A Depression.

Fronts occur where: a) The atmospheric pressure is very high. b) Two warm air masses meet. c) A cold air mass meets a warm air mass. d) Two cold air masses meet.

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Fronts occur where: a) The atmospheric pressure is very high. b) Two warm air masses meet. c) A cold air mass meets a warm air mass. d) Two cold air masses meet.

This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front. c) An occluded front. d) A cold front.

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This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front. c) An occluded front. d) A cold front.

This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front. c) An occluded front. d) A cold front.

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This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front. c) An occluded front. d) A cold front.

When a cold air mass catches up with another cold air mass, thereby undercutting a comparatively warm air mass and pushing it upwards off the Earth's surface, the weather system is called: a) A cold stream. b) An occluded front. c) A ridge of high pressure. d) A non-frontal depression.

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When a cold air mass catches up with another cold air mass, thereby undercutting a comparatively warm air mass and pushing it upwards off the Earth's surface, the weather system is called: a) A cold stream. b) An occluded front. c) A ridge of high pressure. d) A non-frontal depression.

This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front. c) An occluded front. d) A cold front.

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This diagram shows: a) An anti-cyclone. b) A warm front. c) An occluded front. d) A cold front.

An occluded front is represented by: a) A line carrying alternate semicircles and squares. b) A line carrying alternate semicircles and triangles. c) A line carrying semicircles. d) A line carrying squares.

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An occluded front is represented by: a) A line carrying alternate semicircles and squares. b) A line carrying alternate semicircles and triangles. c) A line carrying semicircles. d) A line carrying squares.

Upper Winds High level (normally westerly) winds are responsible for the movement of weather systems, particularly depressions. In this diagram the dotted lines represent the upper winds pushing the depression east.

Upper Winds If you were stood at point ‘Y’ with your back to the lower wind and the upper wind moving from left to right: then the depression has not yet reached you and the weather is likely to deteriorate.

Depressions move under the influence of: a) Lower winds. b) Warm fronts. c) Cold fronts. d) Upper winds.

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Depressions move under the influence of: a) Lower winds. b) Warm fronts. c) Cold fronts. d) Upper winds.

Upper winds are generally responsible for: a) The strength of the surface wind. b) Poor weather. c) Fine weather. d) Movement of a depression.

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Upper winds are generally responsible for: a) The strength of the surface wind. b) Poor weather. c) Fine weather. d) Movement of a depression.

In the diagram below, the dotted lines represent the upper wind and the solid lines the lower wind. If you stood at Y with your back to the lower wind and the upper wind is moving from left to right: a) You'll feel a warm wind in your face. b) The weather is likely to improve. c) The weather is likely to deteriorate. d) There will be no change in the weather for a while.

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In the diagram below, the dotted lines represent the upper wind and the solid lines the lower wind. If you stood at Y with your back to the lower wind and the upper wind is moving from left to right: a) You'll feel a warm wind in your face. b) The weather is likely to improve. c) The weather is likely to deteriorate. d) There will be no change in the weather for a while.

Regions of high pressure with widely spaced isobars and light winds. Anticyclones Regions of high pressure with widely spaced isobars and light winds. H They are stable, slow moving systems bringing long periods of warm, fine weather.

An anticyclone is: a) An area of low pressure. b) An area of high pressure. c) A depression. d) An area between two areas of high pressure.

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An anticyclone is: a) An area of low pressure. b) An area of high pressure. c) A depression. d) An area between two areas of high pressure.

Generally an area of high pressure will tend to bring: a) Fast moving wet weather systems. b) Fast moving fine weather systems. c) Long periods of fine weather. d) Long periods of poor weather.

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Generally an area of high pressure will tend to bring: a) Fast moving wet weather systems. b) Fast moving fine weather systems. c) Long periods of fine weather. d) Long periods of poor weather.

Clouds are named according to shape and height. Cirrus clouds are found only at high levels and are composed of ice crystals. Cirrus means ‘thread’ or ‘hair’. Cirrus

Clouds Clouds are named according to shape and height. Cumulus clouds are formed by rising air and appear lumpy or heaped. Cumulus

Clouds Clouds are named according to shape and height. Stratus describes a featureless layer cloud. Stratus

Stratus is what type of cloud? a) Lumpy or heaped. b) Hair-like. c) Featureless layer. d) Thread-like.

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Stratus is what type of cloud? a) Lumpy or heaped. b) Hair-like. c) Featureless layer. d) Thread-like.

Cumulus is what type of cloud? a) Lumpy or heaped. b) Hair-like. c) Featureless layer. d) Thread-like.

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Cumulus is what type of cloud? a) Lumpy or heaped. b) Hair-like. c) Featureless layer. d) Thread-like.

Cirrus is what type of cloud? a) Lumpy. b) Hair-like. c) Featureless layer. d) Heaped.

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Cirrus is what type of cloud? a) Lumpy. b) Hair-like. c) Featureless layer. d) Heaped.

Clouds may be given prefixes which identify the height of the cloud. Clouds prefixed with Cirro are high level clouds, above 18000 ft (5500 m). Cirrus, cirrostratus and cirrocumulus are examples. Cirrus

Clouds may be given prefixes which identify the height of the cloud. Clouds prefixed with Alto are medium level clouds, between 6500 ft (2000 m) and 18000 ft. Altostratus and altocumulus are examples. Altostratus

Clouds Clouds without prefixes are low level clouds found below 6500 ft (2000 m). Examples are stratus, cumulus and cumulonimbus - the nimbus suffix meaning a raincloud. Cumulonimbus

Cloud names may have a prefix which indicates the height of the cloud base. Which of these indicates a cloud with a base at medium level? a) Nimbo. b) Cirro. c) Alto. d) Strato.

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Cloud names may have a prefix which indicates the height of the cloud base. Which of these indicates a cloud with a base at medium level? a) Nimbo. b) Cirro. c) Alto. d) Strato.

When alto is used as a prefix in a name of a cloud, that cloud may be found at: a) Any level. b) Low level. c) Medium level. d) High level.

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When alto is used as a prefix in a name of a cloud, that cloud may be found at: a) Any level. b) Low level. c) Medium level. d) High level.

Which of these would only be found at high level? a) Stratocumulus. b) Altocumulus. c) Altostratus. d) Cirrostratus.

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Which of these would only be found at high level? a) Stratocumulus. b) Altocumulus. c) Altostratus. d) Cirrostratus.

Contents List. Click on a chapter. BASIC NAVIGATION Chapter 1 Basic Navigation. Chapter 2 The Compass. Chapter 3 Practical Navigation. Chapter 4 Weather. exit

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