UNIT 7: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ( ) Industrialization Spreads

Bell Ringer – Effects of Industrialization Primary Source Analysis Task: Write a diary entry based on the primary source you read about the effects of industrialization on child laborers. Write from a child’s viewpoint and describe your work life and experiences. Be creative and write a minimum of two paragraphs!

Industrial Development in the United States Like Britain, the US also had many natural resources.  Rivers  Vast Forests  Coal Deposits  Iron Ore  Huge labor force (immigrants and farm workers) Scared of competition, Britain tried to blockade the US from overseas trade.

The Secret to Success Leaks Britain did everything in its power to keep industrial knowledge monopolized. Like in Britain, industrialization here began in the textile industry as well. 1789; young mill worker, Samuel Slater, came to the U.S.A. He built a spinning machine from memory. 1790; Moses Brown opens the first U.S. textile mill in Pawtucket, RI using Slater’s machines. In this factory they produced only thread.

The Lowell Experiment 1813; Francis Cabot Lowell of Boston, MA & 4 others invest in a weaving factory in Waltham, MA. They earn enough money to fund another factory in another town; Lowell, Massachusetts! It was ran by “mill girls” who worked 6, 12 hour days for a decent wage. The American textile industry was born.

Textiles and Clothing Again, like in Britain the textile industry lead the way. Clothing and shoe manufacturing increased as it became mechanized. Soon factories springing up all over the Northeast!

The Post-Civil War Industrial Boom ( ) Wartime technology fuels a 2 nd Industrial Revolution! U.S. shifts from agricultural to industrial almost overnight! New innovations and inventions lead the way! * McCormick’s Reaper * 1837 – Morse Telegraph * 1852 – Otis Elevator *1869 – Transcontinental RR *1876 – Bell’s Telephone *1880 – Edison’s Light Bulb

Railroads Lead the Way!

The Rise of the Corporation The U.S. government wanted to expand, but where would entrepreneurs get the money? Building railroads and developing industries takes lots of money, so businesses would sale stock. Stock- shares of a company, with certain rights of ownership. Each stock holder becomes part owner in the companies. Corporations- a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. The goal of the corporation is to gain complete control – a monopoly!

Super Corporations or Trusts Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) Formed in 1870; America’s first billionaire! Carnegie Steel Company (1889) (Andrew Carnegie) The builder of Pittsburg, PA! Came from “rags” to “riches!”

European Industrialization The rest of Europe saw what was happening in the world and wanted to experience the “British Miracle” for themselves. 1799; Belgium is next due to Englishman, William Cockergill 1835; Germany’s rich Ruhr Valley & “exchange program” with England leads them to adapt. France, Spain, and Northern Italy soon followed. The mountains of Central and Eastern Europe hindered their development.

New Economic Philosophies Emerge! CapitalismUtilitarianismSocialismCommunism Who? What? When? Where? Why?

Capitalism Who?: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations What?: Economic freedom, no government involvement, competition, and supply and demand. When?: 1776 Where?: England/ Scotland Why?: To provide people with the most economic freedom possible and access to superior products. This would ensure economic strength for the nation.

Utilitarianism Who?: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill What?: Government should become involved in the economy to benefit the greatest number of people. Mill believed this would make people freer. He said that government should pass policies to give better lives to industrial workers. When?: Late 1700s and early 1800s Where?: England Why? To improve the lives of all people; better pay, more freedom, more rights for the individual

Socialism Who?: Charles Fourier; Saint Simon What?: An economic system where the major industries (factors of production) are owned by the government (public) and operate to equally benefit all by eliminating poverty. When?: Early 1800s Where?: France Why?: To guarantee social justice, equality, and end poverty.

Communism Who?: Karl Marx; Frederick Engels; The Communist Manifesto What?: A form of extreme socialism where all private property would cease to exist and a classless society would be established controlled by the proletariat. All people would share the wealth equally among them. When?: 1848 Where:? Germany Why?: To eliminate social classes, competition, and private property so that all people share wealth equally.