Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4 th edition Margaret Schell Frazier Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski

Chapter 8 Diseases and Conditions of the Digestive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 The Digestive System

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 The Oral Cavity and Jaw Diseases and Conditions  Missing teeth: permanent teeth are missing  Dental caries (tooth decay): infection resulting in erosion of tooth surface  Gingivitis: inflammation and swelling of the gums  Gingivitis: inflammation and swelling of the gums

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5 The Oral Cavity and Jaw (cont’d.) Diseases and Conditions  Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome: a symptom complex related to inflammation, disease, or dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 The Oral Cavity and Jaw (cont’d.) Diseases and Conditions  Herpes simplex (cold sores): a recurrent viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes.  Thrush: candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums.

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9 Digestive Distress Signals  Hiccup  Indigestion  Heartburn  Nausea  Vomiting  Flatulence  Diarrhea  Constipation  Fecal incontinence

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Esophagitis: inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagus Esophageal cancer: cancer of the esophagus Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): the clinical manifestations of regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus Barrett’s esophagus: severe consequence of GERD that replaces normal striated squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with abnormal columnar epithelium Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Duodenal ulcers: ulcers of the first part of the small intestine Gastric ulcers: ulceration of the gastric mucosa of the stomach that follows chronic gastritis H. pylori Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Acute Appendicitis  Inflammation of the appendix  Symptoms: begins with vague abdominal discomfort that localizes as pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen; nausea; vomiting; fever; diarrhea or constipation  Treatment: surgical removal

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Hiatal hernia: a defect in the diaphragm that permits segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavity  Symptoms: heartburn, chest pain, swallowing difficulty; some cases asymptomatic Abdominal hernia: a condition in which an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall  Symptoms: lump or bulge; groin pain Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Crohn disease (ileitis): chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and colon Gastroenteritis: acute inflammation of the stomach and intestines Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Intestinal Obstruction  Mechanical or functional blockage of intestines; contents cannot move forward  Severe pain, nausea, vomiting, bloated abdomen without passage of stool or gas  Sudden or severe onset requires urgent care  Treatment: surgery for mechanical blockage; NPO, stomach tube for functional blockage

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Diverticular Conditions  Diverticulosis: outpouches (diverticula) of mucosa penetrate weak points in muscular layer of large intestine Symptoms: mild discomfort, irregular bowels; may be asymptomatic  Diverticulitis: trapped fecal matter causes inflammation of diverticula Symptoms: fever, nausea, pain, changes in bowel function

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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Hemorrhoids  Varicose veins in rectum  Internal  Not painful  External  Painful  Can thrombose  Treatment

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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Colorectal cancer: a cancer that arises in any part of the colon or rectum  Symptoms: abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, bloody stools, weight loss, weakness, rectal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia  Treatment options: surgical resection; colostomy; chemotherapy; radiation Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

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Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27 Peritonitis: inflammation of the peritoneum that can be acute or chronic, local or generalized  Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weakness, sweating, fever, distended abdomen, paralytic ileus Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28 Viral hepatitis  Hepatitis A: highly contagious condition caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) causing mild, acute liver infection.  Hepatitis B: inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).  Hepatitis C: chronic condition caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulting in gradual, insidious liver disease. Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 Cholelithiasis (gallstones): condition in which there is abnormal presence of calculi that form in the bile. Pancreatitis: acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas with variable involvement of adjacent or remote organs. Diseases of the Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30 Cholecystitis  Symptoms: acute, colicky pain, nausea, and vomiting  Causes: obstruction of biliary duct by gallstones  Fat, forty, female, fertile  Treatment: dietary modification with elimination of fatty foods; in acute cases, intravenous feeding

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 Pancreatitis  Symptoms: sudden onset of severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomiting  Causes: alcoholism, biliary disease, gallstones  Treatment: Acute pancreatitis may require emergency treatment of intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32 Obesity  Obesity is defined by Body Mass Index  The study of obesity is called Bariatrics  35% of adult Americans are obese; obesity can lead to severe health problems.  Treatment options include exercise and control of food intake through behavior modification.

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33 Celiac disease (gluten enteropathy): a disease of the small intestine characterized by malabsorption, gluten intolerance, and damage to the lining of the intestine Diseases of Nutrient Intake and Absorption (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34 Celiac Disease  Symptoms: weight loss, anorexia, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal distention  Causes: toxic or immunologic reaction to component of gluten (found in wheat, barley, and oats)  Treatment: gluten-free diet; if no improvement, corticosteroid drugs

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35  Food poisoning: an illness resulting from the ingestion of foods that contain bacterial or toxic substances Diseases of Nutrient Intake and Absorption (cont’d.)

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36 Food Poisoning  Symptoms: sudden nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea  Causes: poisoning from mushrooms, shellfish, contaminated foods  Treatment: nutritional support and fluid replacements

Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37 Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa: psychological disturbance in which self-imposed starvation and compulsion to be thin leads to denial of hunger Bulimia: behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging